北京冬季雾霾天气下颗粒物及其化学组分的粒径分布特征研究

为认识雾霾天气下颗粒物及其化学组分的粒径分布特征,利用13级低压撞击采样器采集北京城区冬季一次典型雾霾天气下的大气颗粒物,采用离子色谱和元素碳/有机碳分析仪分析了PM10中不同粒径的水溶性离子、元素碳和有机碳组分,获得了颗粒物及其化学成分的粒径分布特征.结果表明,不同天气下颗粒物质量浓度大小为:雾霾多云雪天晴天,4种天气下PM2.5/PM10均大于74%,说明冬季污染主要是由细颗粒物污染引起.SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4、Cl-、Ca2+是最主要的水溶性离子.SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4在0.76μm出现单峰;Ca2+和Mg2+在0.31和5.13~8.09μm出现双峰,主要分布在粗模态;Cl-和K+在0.76和5.13μm出现双峰,主要分布在细粒径段.OC、EC也富集于细粒子,显单峰结构.随污染程度增加,二次无机离子及碳组分浓度均显著增加,SO2、NO2的表观转化率(SOR、NOR)以及OC/EC在灰霾期间都远远高于二级良,可见二次无机源及有机源是污染的主要来源.在空气流动性差的灰霾持续期,机动车尾气排放的EC等一次污染物贡献增加.分析NO-3/SO2-4的粒径分布发现,机动车尾气对爱根核模态及凝结模态的亚微米模态(1μm)贡献大于固定源,机动车尾气排放对大气污染的贡献已十分凸显.此外,燃煤污染的区域输送对污染的形成也有重要贡献,重污染期间土壤扬尘的贡献较小.     

北京道路交通环境亚微米颗粒物元素组成特征及来源分析

于2011年12月和2012年8月对北京北四环道路交通环境中亚微米颗粒物(PM1)进行了采样,并对PM1的质量浓度、元素组成及主要来源进行了分析.夏季非灰霾时段PM1日平均浓度为(52.5±29.9)μg·m-3,灰霾时段PM1浓度增加到(154.2±36.3)μg·m-3;冬季非灰霾时段PM1日均浓度为(59.6±32.5)μg·m-3.采用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)对颗粒物中元素进行分析,共得到Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、S、Cl、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Ba和Pb等21种元素的质量浓度.其中S、Cl、K、Na、Si、Zn、Fe和Ca等8种元素含量较高,占测试元素质量浓度90%以上.污染元素浓度呈现显著的季节差异,夏季S元素浓度较高,冬季As、Cl、K、Pb、Mn、V、Cd和P等元素浓度较高.应用富集因子法发现,PM1相对PM2.5能够更好地反映人为源的元素污染特征.应用因子分析法分析出PM1的3个元素浓度贡献主成分因子:因子1反映燃煤、交通源排放和生物质燃烧,因子2反映道路及建筑扬尘贡献,因子3反映机动车排放和工业排放.因子1和因子3之和的夏季和冬季贡献比例分别高达46.8%和68.3%,表明来自机动车、燃煤、生物质燃烧等重要人为源对道路交通环境PM1浓度的贡献显著高于其他来源.灰霾期间S、As、Pb等污染元素浓度明显高于非灰霾期间,地壳元素在灰霾期间无明显浓度变化.     

小浪底水库水沙调控影响下的黄河POC输送特征研究

于2011年11月—2012年10月在黄河小浪底站和花园口站进行连续采样观测并结合同期水文资料,研究了在小浪底水库水沙调控影响下黄河颗粒有机碳(POC)的输送规律.结果表明,在小浪底水库正常调度期间,小浪底站和花园口站POC含量分别为0.37~0.65 mg·L-1和1.88~6.47 mg·L-1,小浪底站POC含量明显低于同期的花园口站.在小浪底水库调水调沙期间,小浪底站和花园口站的POC含量分别为0.43~693.75 mg·L-1和6.97~210.65 mg·L-1,在水库泄水阶段小浪底站POC含量明显低于花园口站,而在水库排沙阶段小浪底站POC含量又明显高于花园口站.小浪底站和花园口站全年POC输送量分别为53.2万t和49.2万t,其中,7—8月POC输送量最多,小浪底站7—8月POC输送量占全年POC输送量的97.5%,花园口站7—8月POC输送量占全年POC输送量的78.2%.小浪底水库"水沙调控"对黄河POC输送的影响明显不同于其他河流上的水库,它不仅拦蓄上游输送的POC,而在特定时间又将拦蓄水库中的POC大量排出水库.     

Identification of hot spot and safe zones of ambient air quality in North Maharashtra region,India

The continuous infrastructural and economic development exerted pressure on the environmental conditions of the North Maharashtra region. The air quality of North Maharashtra region was analysed for the identification of hot spots and safe zones of ambient air quality. The result shows air pollution at some part of North Maharashtra region. The levels of particulate matter were above the prescribed limits especially at Bhusawal, Dhule and Jalgaon Urban centres. The traces of polyaromatic hydrocarbons were also observed in the urban centres of study area. The binary ratios of the persistent prevailing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)'s show great correlation with the vehicular exhaust in the study region. The higher levels of pollutants in the study region were recorded in the post-monsoon season. The present study is first of its kind in the North Maharashtra region and an attempt has been made to analyse the anthropogenic sources and concentration of air pollutants in the area. The air pollutants reduce the defence system of human body and lead into severe health consequences like damage of lung tissues with escalation in the existing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.     

电-Fenton法处理水体中有机污染物的研究现状与进展

电-Fenton法是一项新兴的废水处理技术,在水处理中的应用受到了越来越多的关注。综述了电-Fenton法的基本原理、基本类型、基本特点,以及对水体中的农药、染料、PPCPs、工业污染物等难降解有机污染物的去除应用的现状,同时也指出了该法的一些优点和目前的不足,提出电-Fenton法今后的发展趋势。     

Distribution of heavy metals in the water column, suspended particulate matters and the sediment under hydrodynamic conditions using an annular flume

Sediment resuspension plays an important role in the transport and fate of heavy metals in the aquatic environment. In the present study, the release and binding forms of Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb under hydrodynamic conditions were investigated using an annular flume. Two sediments located at YLZ and GBD from Liangshui River, Beijing were resuspended for 10 hr at 0.159 and 0.267 m/sec, respectively. The concentrations of suspended particulate matters of YLZ were higher than those of GBD during resuspension, indicating that the former sediment is more sensitive to the velocity. Cr in the dissolved phase stayed nearly constant at about 2.25 and 1.84 μg/L for YLZ and GBD, respectively, due to the high percentage of its stable binding fractions in both sediments, while Cu, Zn, and Pb showed a fast release in the initial period of time. However, their concentrations in SPM generally decreased with time and were higher at the lower velocity of 0.159 m/sec, which resulted from the entrainment and depressing effect of larger size particles with lower heavy metal content, commonly referred to as the "particle concentration effect". In addition, the binding form and heavy metal fractions were also found to vary during the resuspension event. A decrease in the sulphide/organic matters bounded form in GBD sediment was observed, whereas no visible changes were perceived in YLZ site samples. This phenomenon is due to the oxidation of heavy metal-sulphide binding forms, which originated from its high acid volatile sulphide content in GBD sediment.     

城市空气悬浮颗粒物时空变化规律及影响因素研究进展

对城市空气颗粒物的季节、日动态变化和空间分布规律作了综述,并探讨了人为活动、气象和特殊天气因素等对城市空气颗粒物水平的影响,最后提出目前关于城市空气悬浮颗粒物的研究中存在的问题及今后研究的发展方向。     

首钢烧结厂PM10治理技术与经济分析

通过对首钢烧结厂的污染结点、污染物特性、污染物控制技术措施和技术规范进行分析,提出了烧结厂PM10控制方案,对烧结厂采用高效除尘设备的PM10削减量及改造费用进行了估算,确定了烧结厂PM10治理技术方案排序,为钢铁企业烧结厂治理颗粒污染物的同时选择最为经济实用的除尘器类型提供理论依据。     

Natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in airborne particulate samples collected in Barcelona (Spain)

Results for naturally occurring ⁷Be, ²¹⁰Pb, ⁴⁰K, ²¹⁴Bi, ²¹⁴Pb, ²¹²Pb, ²²⁸Ac and ²⁰⁸Tl and anthropogenic ¹³⁷Cs in airborne particulate matter in the Barcelona area during the period from January 2001 to December 2005 are presented and discussed. The ²¹²Pb and ²⁰⁸Tl, ²¹⁴Bi and ²¹⁴Pb, ⁷Be and ²¹⁰Pb radionuclide levels showed a significant correlation with each other, with correlation coefficients of 0.99, 0.78 and 0.69, respectively, suggesting similar origin/behaviour of these radionuclides in the air. Caessium-137 and Potassium-40 were transported to the air as resuspended particle from the soil. The ⁷Be and ²¹⁰Pb concentrations showed similar seasonal variations, with a tendency for maximum concentrations during the summer months. An inverse relationship was observed between the ⁷Be, ²¹⁰Pb, ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs concentrations and weekly rainfall, indicating washout of atmospheric aerosols carrying these radionuclides.     

Effects of fulvic acid concentration and origin on photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous solution: Importance of active oxygen

With an Xe arc lamp house as simulated sunlight, the influences of fulvic acid (FA) concentration and origins on photodegradation of acenaphthene, fluorine, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene in aqueous solution have been studied. Similar effects of FAs, collected from five places around China, on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) photodegradation have been observed. Active oxygen was of significance in PAH photodegradation with the presence of FAs. For systems with 1.25 mg L⁻¹ FAs, the contributions of OH to PAH photodegradation rates were from 33% to 69%. FAs had two opposite effects, i.e., stimulating the generation of active oxygen and advancing PAH photodegradation; competing with PAHs for energy and photons and restraining PAH photodegradation. Generally, photodegradation rates of the 5 PAHs decreased with the increase of FAs concentration; except fluoranthene and pyrene were advanced in solutions with low FA concentration. The influences of FA concentration on PAH photodegradation were more significant than FA origin.