“十一五”期间抚顺市环境空气质量现状及污染原因分析

根据抚顺市"十一五"期间环境空气质量监测资料,系统地分析了"十一五"期间抚顺市的环境空气质量状况及污染原因。结果表明,"十一五"期间抚顺市的环境空气质量总体上有所改善,环境空气中的二氧化硫、二氧化氮各年均达标,可吸入颗粒物从2008年开始连续三年达标。采暖期的空气污染明显重于非采暖期,工业区的污染重于其它区。抚顺市的环境空气污染主要受城市布局和产业结构、气象条件及汽车尾气的影响。     

Review of heterogeneous photochemical reactions of NOy on aerosol－A possible daytime source of nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmosphere

As an important precursor of hydroxyl radical, nitrous acid (HONO) plays a key role in the chemistry of the lower atmosphere. Recent atmospheric measurements and model calculations show strong enhancement for HONO formation during daytime, while they are inconsistent with the known sources in the atmosphere, suggesting that current models are lacking important sources for HONO. In this article, heterogeneous photochemical reactions of nitric acid/nitrate anion and nitrogen oxide on various aerosols were reviewed and their potential contribution to HONO formation was also discussed. It is demonstrated that HONO can be formed by photochemical reaction on surfaces with deposited HNO3 , by photocatalytic reaction of NO2 on TiO2 or TiO2 -containing materials, and by photochemical reaction of NO2 on soot, humic acids or other photosensitized organic surfaces. Although significant uncertainties still exist in the exact mechanisms and the yield of HONO, these additional sources might explain daytime observations in the atmosphere.     

超低排放改造后燃煤电厂细颗粒物排放特征

超低排放改造后,燃煤电厂细颗粒物排放特征发生了变化,为定量评估颗粒物中各组分的排放特征及环保设备对细颗粒物的影响选取了3台超低排放机组为研究对象利用DGI分级撞击采样器对湿法烟气脱硫装置(WFGD)、湿式静电除尘器(WESP)进、出口颗粒物取样并用多种指标分析研究.结果表明,3台机组出口处排放的PM_1、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度范围分别为0.25～0.38、0.31～0.42和0.42～0.57 mg·m~(-3)两种改造工艺下排放的PM_(10)质量浓度相当,但是颗粒物粒径分布和成分组成存在差异相比FP1和FP2机组,FP3机组PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值最高,可能原因是FP3机组安装了WESP,对粒径2.5μm以上的颗粒有更好地脱除效果.FP2和FP3机组排放的PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子总浓度分别为0.20 mg·m~(-3)和0.06 mg·m~(-3),FP2机组排放水溶性离子以Ca~(2+)和SO_4~(2-)为主,FP3机组以NH_4~+和SO_4~(2-)为主.FP2机组WFGD进出口颗粒物分析结果显示,WFGD过程会通过夹带含石灰石、石膏的脱硫浆液增加水溶性离子排放.在WFGD后加WESP能有效去除PM_(25)、PM_(10)颗粒物,降低水溶性离子对大气环境的影响.     

基于R语言的非点源颗粒态磷指数构建及应用——以丘陵红壤区小流域为例

以南方丘陵红壤区典型小流域为例,构建了基于R语言的流域非点源颗粒态磷污染指数并进行应用.结果表明,（1）流域土壤侵蚀模数在0.7~15244.2t/（km²·a）之间,超出南方丘陵红壤区容许土壤侵蚀量的区域占流域面积59%;平均非点源颗粒态磷产生强度为0.86kg/hm²,超出非点源磷流失阈值的区域占流域面积14%.流域侵蚀等级以微、轻度为主,但中度及以上强度区域以较小的面积（7.2%）贡献了较大比例的流域侵蚀产生量（35%）和输出量（43%）、以及非点源颗粒态磷输出量（31%）.（2）识别的关键源区占流域面积14%,贡献了65%和58%的侵蚀土壤和颗粒态磷输出负荷;主要分布在近河道的坡地（<25°,水文距离≤800m）,林地、耕地、园地是主要土地利用类型组成.（3）过量施肥导致的土壤磷素富集、强降雨条件下低丘缓坡地带的高易蚀性是关键源区形成的主因.研究进一步对关键源区进行分类分区,提出了以水土保持、配方施肥、工程治理为核心的非点源颗粒态磷污染治理组合措施.研究为丘陵红壤区流域非点源颗粒态磷污染的防治提供了较为系统完善的思路.     

甘肃省区域颗粒物时空分布特征及传输路径

基于甘肃省2018~2019年颗粒物质量浓度监测数据,分析了全省大气颗粒物浓度的时空变化及排放特征,并利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式研究了颗粒物传输路径.结果表明：颗粒物（PM₁₀和PM_2.5）空间分布呈现区域特征：PM₁₀浓度高值位于河西走廊地区,由北向南呈阶梯式递减;PM_2.5以陇中地区为高值中心,向南北两侧递减,陇南地区为全省颗粒物清洁区.不同地区PM₁₀与PM_2.5地面浓度季节变化特征存在差异,陇中、陇东和陇南地区PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度变化特征一致,陇中和陇东地区颗粒物（PM₁₀与PM_2.5）浓度冬高夏低,陇南地区则为冬高秋低;河西走廊PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度季节变化不同,PM_2.5冬高夏低,PM₁₀春高夏低.后向轨迹聚类结果表明全省春季、冬季均受到来自中亚及新疆的偏西气流影响,该路径输送下可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）浓度明显高于其他路径,是典型的沙尘输送路径,4大分区受沙尘传输影响程度依次为河西 > 陇中 > 陇东 > 陇南,来自陕西、川渝的偏东路径是陇南地区颗粒物的主要输送路径,该路径下PM_2.5/PM₁₀比值大于0.5,明显高于偏西路径,说明偏东路径人为源污染贡献显著.研究结果有助于全面认识全省颗粒物污染特点、为分区制定颗粒物污染防治政策、以及区域污染协同治理提供科学的参考依据.     

北碚区气溶胶光学厚度特征及其与颗粒物浓度的相关性

为了解重庆市北碚区大气质量状况,利用其2014年气溶胶光学厚度和颗粒物质量浓度的同步观测结果进行分析.结果表明,北碚区AOD_(500 nm)的年均值为1.46±0.69,其随月份变化明显,其中11月最高为2.90±1.85, 9月最低为0.54±0.05.北碚区存在颗粒物污染的现象,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的年均值分别为(62±40)μg·m~(-3)和(94±51)μg·m~(-3),均超出GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值,PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的日均值超标率分别为26%和15%.细粒子PM_(2.5)与可吸入颗粒物PM_(10)浓度之间呈现显著性相关,全年决定系数R~2能够达到0.95(P0.01),AOD与PM_(2.5)、 PM_(10)之间全年均呈正相关特性,全年决定系数R~2分别为0.48和0.46,且不同季节下的决定系数和相关函数均有差异,其中冬季相关性最好,夏季相关性最差.全年AOD与AQI呈正相关特性,决定系数R~2为0.15(P0.05).AOD值受天气要素综合作用的影响,观测期间也应将温度、湿度、水汽等要素数据进行同步采集.     

用β射线衰减法测定颗粒物的准确性和有效性验证

通过在线监测系统用β射线衰减法测定空气中颗粒物的工作原理、测试数据准确性和有效性。将参比采样器监测数据(重量法)与相应的自动采样器监测数据(β射线衰减法)进行不确定评估和平行性、线性回归分析验证。从而得出,在线监测系统用β射线衰减法测定空气中颗粒物时有较好的线性关系,监测数据准确、可靠,具有一定推广价值。同时,为提高环境监测能力、加强环境执法监管提供可靠依据。     

Monitoring of Daily Integrated Exposure of Outdoor Workers to Respirable Particulate Matter in an Urban Region of India

It is more and more recognised that an estimation of the exposure of the population to air pollutants is more relevant than the ambient air quality, since it gives a better indication of health risk. Outdoor workers in an urban region are generally of low income status and are exposed to higher levels of both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Hence respondents from this population subgroup have been selected for this study. Outdoor workers are divided into two categories, viz. traffic constables and casual outdoor workers like watchmen, roadside shopkeepers etc. Most of the respondents are from the lower income group. Each respondent is monitored for a continuous 48-hour period. The sampling frequency is once a week.The study region is situated in the north-west part of the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation. It can be classified as industrial cum residential area. The daily integrated exposure of the outdoor workers consists of two major micro-environments, viz. occupational and indoor residential.A personal air sampler was used along with a cyclone to measure levels of Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM). The cyclone has a 50% removal efficiency for particle diameter of 5 m. Paired samples of PM10 (ambient) and RPM (personal) were collected to establish the correlation between them. The average 24-hour integrated exposure to RPM was 322 g/m3 and exceeded the corresponding PM10 level observed at the nearest Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station by a factor of 2.25. The 90% confidence interval for this exposure is 283–368 g/m3. This study clearly demonstrates that the daily integrated exposure and therefore the health risk of outdoor workers in an urban area is significantly more serious than that indicated by ambient air quality data.     

燃煤电厂PM_(2.5)捕集增效技术的研究及应用

介绍了一种燃煤电厂PM2.5捕集增效技术—烟尘预荷电微颗粒捕集增效装置的结构组成和工作原理,研究了双极荷电对粉尘凝并的影响及扰流柱的产涡效果,在中试平台上测试了热态模拟烟气条件下该装置的增效结果。该技术在300MW机组工程上应用的测试结果为:电除尘器出口PM2.5下降30%,烟尘总质量浓度下降20%。     

低粉尘浓度气体中细颗粒物（PM2.5）含量的测量

低粉尘浓度气体中细颗粒物（PM2.5）的测量用称重法和计数法都有困难,文章提出用稀释气体降低含尘浓度后,用激光尘埃计数器测量其中细颗粒物的数量,计算出质量浓度的办法。