富氨地区秋冬季不同PM2.5污染级别气溶胶酸性及其影响因素

为研究富氨地区秋冬季不同PM_2.5污染级别气溶胶酸性及其影响因素, 于2018年10月15日~2019年2月28日, 选择郑州市2个非城区点位——新密和航空港进行PM_2.5膜样本采集, 采用离子色谱法测定其水溶性离子, 通过ISORROPIA-Ⅱ模型计算气溶胶pH值, 并分不同污染等级探讨PM_2.5主要离子浓度和pH值范围.结果显示: 采样期间NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和SO₄^2-是3种最主要的离子, 随着污染程度的加剧, NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺呈现上升趋势, 其中NO₃^-和NH₄⁺的增长速度较大; NH₄⁺/SO₄^2-的比值大于0.75, 大气处于富氨条件, NH₄⁺主要存在形式是(NH₄)₂SO₄、NH₄NO₃、NH₄Cl; 所选两点位PM_2.5的pH值呈中等酸性, 新密4.6±0.6、航空港4.6±0.7, 随着污染的加剧, pH值的变化范围逐渐收窄; 敏感性分析表明影响秋冬PM_2.5的pH值变化的主要共同驱动因素是TNH₃(总氨(气体+气溶胶))、SO₄^2-和温度, 随着污染的加剧, 由TNH₃对气溶胶酸度的影响最大变为SO₄^2-对酸性的影响最大; 随着pH值增大, 总硝酸倾向于向颗粒态移动, 总氨倾向于向气态移动, 呈相反变化.     

Insight into the mechanisms of trichloronitromethane formation by vacuum ultraviolet: QSAR model and FTICR-MS analysis

Vacuum ultraviolet(VUV) photolysis is recognized as an environmental-friendly treatment process. Nitrate(NO-3) and natural organic matter(NOM) are widely present in water source.We investigated trichloronitromethane(TCNM) formation during chlorination after VUV photolysis, because TCNM is an unregulated highly toxic disinfection byproduct. In this study:(1) we found reactive nitrogen species that is generated under VUV photolysis of NO-3react with organic matter to form nitrogen-containing compo...     

农药微生物降解性与农药疏水性参数间的相关性

在纯培养条件下，产碱菌属广说性降解菌ＹＦ１１对对硫磷，甲基对硫磷，杀螟松，氰戊菊酯，溴氰菊酯，甲氰菊酯，氯氰菊酯，三氟氯氰菊酯，氯菊酯的降解速率的差异主要是由各杀虫剂的疏水性参数的不同引起的，两之间存在较好的相关性：ｌｏｇＫ＝２．２１－０．２６ｌｏｇＫｏｗ，ｒ＝０．９７３９。     

Comparison of sensitivity analysis techniques: A case study with the rice model WARM

The considerable complexity often included in biophysical models leads to the need of specifying a large number of parameters and inputs, which are available with various levels of uncertainty. Also, models may behave counter-intuitively, particularly when there are nonlinearities in multiple input-output relationships. Quantitative knowledge of the sensitivity of models to changes in their parameters is hence a prerequisite for operational use of models. This can be achieved using sensitivity analysis (SA) via methods which differ for specific characteristics, including computational resources required to perform the analysis. Running SA on biophysical models across several contexts requires flexible and computationally efficient SA approaches, which must be able to account also for possible interactions among parameters. A number of SA experiments were performed on a crop model for the simulation of rice growth (Water Accounting Rice Model, WARM) in Northern Italy. SAs were carried out using the Morris method, three regression-based methods (Latin hypercube sampling, random and Quasi-Random, LpTau), and two methods based on variance decomposition: Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (E-FAST) and Sobol’, with the latter adopted as benchmark. Aboveground biomass at physiological maturity was selected as reference output to facilitate the comparison of alternative SA methods. Rankings of crop parameters (from the most to the least relevant) were generated according to sensitivity experiments using different SA methods and alternate parameterizations for each method, and calculating the top-down coefficient of concordance (TDCC) as measure of agreement between rankings. With few exceptions, significant TDCC values were obtained both for different parameterizations within each method and for the comparison of each method to the Sobol’ one. The substantial stability observed in the rankings seem to indicate that, for a crop model of average complexity such as WARM, resource intensive SA methods could not be needed to identify most relevant parameters. In fact, the simplest among the SA methods used (i.e., Morris method) produced results comparable to those obtained by methods more computationally expensive.     

植物类脂的提取及对菲吸附的影响

讨论了有机溶剂极性对植物类脂提取的影响,分别采用(Ⅰ)非极性正己烷和(Ⅱ)极性三氯甲烷∶甲醇(2∶1)溶液从青椒和油麦菜干样中索氏提取植物类脂,进一步研究了上述植物干样、提取类脂和去类脂组分对菲的吸附.实验结果表明,两种方法提取得到的类脂含量不同,方法(Ⅰ)从青椒和油麦菜中提取得到类脂含量为(1.9±0.1)%和(5.0±0.4)%;而方法 (Ⅱ)提取得到的相应值分别为(2.6±0.2)%和(9.5±0.5)%.两种方法得到提取类脂对菲的吸附贡献无显著性差异(P>0.05),均约占整个青椒干样对菲吸附的20%,而油麦菜的这一比例约为60%.但采用正己烷提取可避免极性物质的析出而更好地分离类脂和去类脂组分.去类脂组分在青椒和油麦菜中对菲的吸附贡献分别约为80%和40%,即去类脂组分对菲仍有较强的吸附能力,因此不能简单视为碳水化合物.     

模拟环境条件下δ-MnO2氧化As(III)的搅拌流动动力学特征

采用搅拌流动法研究了酸性水钠锰矿及水羟锰矿2种δ-MnO2矿物氧化As(Ⅲ)的动力学过程,构建了可用于多相体系的搅拌-流动氧化还原反应动力学模型.经过As吸附量的校正后,该模型对酸性水钠锰矿及水羟锰矿氧化As(III)动力学数据拟合度分别为0.980和0.951,模型拟合得到pH 7时2种矿物单位比表面上氧化As(III)的初始反应速率常数k分别为0.131,0.014min-1×m-2.相比而言,该速率常数明显高于批量法得到的表观速率常数kobs,0.021,0.001min-1×m-2更接近真实的化学动力学参数.搅拌流动法与批量法得到的不同矿物的速率常数大小趋势一致,即尽管酸性水钠锰矿对As(III)的氧化率低于水羟锰矿,单位比表面上酸性水钠锰矿氧化As(III)初始反应速率却远高于水羟锰矿.反应过程分析表明,反应初始阶段,As(III)的吸附为主要限速步骤;而随着反应的进行,矿物表面反应位点逐渐钝化或减少,反应位点数量成为限速步骤.     

TiO2光催化降解水中土霉素的动力学研究

环境中抗生素的出现及其引起的危害正受到越来越多的关注。以高压汞灯为光源,选用较为广泛的抗生素土霉素（OTC）为处理对象。考察了初始质量浓度、反应过程中光照、催化剂投加量、溶液起始pH、溶液中DOM和NO^-₃对光催化降解的影响,研究了其光降解动力学。结果表明,TiO₂光催化氧化法能够有效去除水中半微量的OTC,OTC的光降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型;UV/TiO₂联用工艺对TOC也有很好的去除效果,反应90 min,TOC去除率可达74%;OTC的初始浓度从30 mg/L增大到90 mg/L,反应速率从0.0619 min^-1降低到0.0130 min^-1;随着光催化剂投加量的增大,光降解速率常数先增大后减小;增加溶液的pH值,速率常数逐渐减小;溶液中的DOM和NO^-₃也可以影响光降解效率。     

利用KOC*值判别杭州市地面水中多环芳烃污染来源

测定了2002年12月杭州市钱塘江和运河杭州段地面水、底泥和土壤中10种多环芳烃的含量,计算了底泥和土壤中PAHs富集倍数K和有机碳标化表观分配系数K_OC^*.结果表明,地面水中PAHs总浓度范围为1.104～9.663μg·L^-1,底泥中为132.7～7343μg·kg^-1(干重),土壤为59.71～219.5μg·kg^-1(干重),污染较为严重.钱塘江底泥PAHs的K值随水流而降低,而运河杭州段则增大.钱塘江底泥和土壤的K_OC^*比值接近1,PAHs主要来自土壤淋溶输入,污染历史不长.运河在城区(如拱宸桥和卖鱼桥)的KK_OC^*比值远大于1,地面径流输入少,而工业排放输入多,且污染历史较长.     

望虞河西岸河网重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

为探明望虞河西岸河网区的重金属污染特征及生态风险,于2018年3月调查了望虞河西岸5条河流的水体及表层沉积物中重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Hg)的含量及形态分布,利用多元统计分析方法研究了重金属元素的污染来源并对其污染水平给予评价.结果表明,河网区水体重金属污染较轻,除Hg外其余金属质量浓度均低于《地表水环境质量标准》的Ⅰ类标准.而表层沉积物中重金属含量较高,除Hg外其余均高于江苏省土壤环境背景值.重金属在水体-沉积物中的分配系数显示Cd、As和Hg具有较强的二次释放潜力.地累积指数法(Igeo)显示沉积物中Cu、Zn和Cd的污染程度较高,局部属于偏重度污染;潜在生态危害指数法(RI)显示Cd为研究区域主要的生态风险因子;而考虑重金属赋存形态的潜在生态风险评价(RRSP)表明,Ni、Zn和As主要以残渣态形式存在,生态风险较低,而Cd多为酸溶态,具有极高的潜在危害.多种评价结果表明,应格外重视重金属Cd的污染治理.而重金属来源分析显示望虞河西岸的重金属污染主要源于周围机械制造和金属冶炼类工厂的人为输入,这为望虞河西岸河网的重金属污染控制提供依据.     

密度泛函方法预测二英类化合物(PCDD/Fs)的正辛醇/水分配系数

在B3LYP/6-31G水平上全优化计算了多氯代二苯并一对-二(噁)英和多氯代二苯并呋喃(PCDD/Fs)系列物的分子结构;基于得到的分子结构描述符,依据修正的线性溶解能理论,分别建立了PCDDs和PCDFs的正辛醇/水分配系数的定量结构-性质关系模型(R2分别为0.985和0.966),并用交叉验证法对模型进行了验证(q2分别为0.983和0.936),用t-检验对各变量进行了检验.检验结果表明,模型的预测能力优于AM1法、单苯环氯取代指数法和拓扑量子方法得出的模型.