2016~2018年中国城市臭氧浓度时空聚集变化规律

为揭示中国O₃浓度的时空格局及聚集变化规律,通过对2016~2018年全国338个城市1144个监测站点的O₃浓度观测数据,使用空间插值及空间自相关等方法进行分析研究.结果表明：2016~2018年全国O₃浓度（第90百分位数）总体呈现上升趋势（由2016年的141.54μg/m³上升到2018年的153.21μg/m³）,污染态势逐年加重,且华北及长江中下游等人口稠密地区O₃浓度最高,O₃浓度的空间分布呈现显著的聚集性和相似性规律,且聚集性逐年增强,O₃浓度的年聚集区主要呈现北高南低的分异,高高值聚集区主要集中在北方（城市占比22.19%~29.59%）,低低值聚集区则主要集中在南方（城市占比15.98%~22.19%）,此外,O₃浓度高高值聚集区与低低值聚集区空间分布的季节变化规律以顺时针周期性变化为主：3a来,春季集聚区分布与年集聚情况相同,夏季高高值,低低值聚集区逐渐向西扩大聚集范围,秋季则顺时针转变为东高西低的分异情况,随后高高值（低低值）聚集区沿顺时针方向南（北）移动,到冬季则转变为南高北低的空间分异情况.     

企业安全管理体系的功能实现——生产安全问题确认和求解的视角

针对企业安全管理体系相关工作与日常安全管理之间存在的"两张皮"现象,首先借助企业生产安全"问题空间"和"解空间"的概念,探讨了企业安全管理的出发点和落脚点;然后,围绕企业具体安全问题的确认和求解,分析了如何在组织层面通过三阶"学习循环"推进体系功能的实现;最后,基于RACI模型探讨了如何在个体层面支持和响应组织层面的各阶"学习循环"以真正实现体系的功能。总之,"两张皮"现象主要来自企业生产安全"目的"和"手段"不能有效对接,安全管理体系建设和功能实现应从辨识和解决企业实际问题入手。     

Ethical Tools to Support Systematic Public Deliberations about the Ethical Aspects of Agricultural Biotechnologies

This special issue of the Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics presents so-called ethical tools that are developed to support systematic public deliberations about the ethical aspects of agricultural biotechnologies. This paper firstly clarifies the intended connotations of the term “ethical tools” and argues that such tools can support liberal democracies to cope with the issues that are raised by the application of genetic modification and other modern biotechnologies in agriculture and food production. The paper secondly characterizes the societal discussion on agricultural biotechnology and defends the thesis that normative perspectives fuel this discussion, so one cannot come to grips with this discussion if one neglects these perspectives. The paper thirdly agrues that no such thing exists as “one” societal debate in which these issues should be discussed. There are several interwined debates, and different actors participate in different discourses. Some practical instruments are necessary in order to include the right issues in these debates. These instruments will be coined as “ethical tools,” since they are practical instruments that can be used (tools) in order to support debates and deliberative structures for a systematic engagement with ethical issues (hence, ethical tools). Finally, the paper clarifies the ethics of these ethical tools and presents the tools as discussed in the remainder of this special issue: 1) tools to include ethical issues in public consulation and involvement; 2) tools to support systematic reflection upon ethical issues in decision-making; and 3) tools to support explicit communication about values in the food chain.     

谈绿色住区环境设计

未来的住区环境是绿色的,人类的取向与选择是生态的,绿色住区环境设计会使人类 拥有更加美好与广阔的绿色空间。     

通风对微小型密闭好氧堆肥过程的影响

为探究适于未来星球基地长期载人航天任务应用的微小型密闭好氧堆肥装置的运行条件,以小麦秸秆和模拟粪便的混合物为实验材料,开展了4种通风速率对堆肥过程的影响研究。结果表明,0.025、0.050、0.075和0.100 m³·(m³·min)⁻¹处理组高温期分别维持了125、125、43和24 h,0.050 m³·(m³·min)⁻¹的O₂消耗速率和CO₂产率为4个处理组最大。CH₄和N₂O主要产生于堆肥初期,累积排放量以0.100 m³·(m³·min)⁻¹处理组的最高,分别为296.50和169.16 mg·kg⁻¹。从堆体氨氮指标测试结果来看,0.050 m³·(m³·min)⁻¹处理组含量最高,其保氮效果最好。4个处理组的GI分别为64.09%、97.26%、72.95%和66.07%。综合各种指标分析认为,适于未来星球基地任务应用的微小型密闭好氧堆肥装置通风速率可以设置为0.050 m³·(m³·min)⁻¹,该通风速率既能确保堆肥过程中微生物对氧气的需求,又能减少热量的损失,产生的污染气体量相对较少,所得的堆肥产品质量最佳。     

城市绿地综合效益评价方法探讨：——天津实例应用

本文从复合生态系统理论出发，建立了城市绿地综合效益评价指标体系并将ＡＨＰ决策分析方法同模糊评价方法相结合，提出了一种城市绿地综合效益评价方法，同时，阐述了这一方法在天津的实际应用。     

Perception and Attitude of Residents Toward Urban Green Spaces in Guangzhou (China)

Fast economic and social changes in recent years in China have brought massive expansion, redevelopment, and restructuring of cities. These changes offer cities the opportunity to improve environmental quality through urban green spaces (UGSs) and to address the challenges of meeting community aspirations. This study explored peoples’ minds concerning UGSs in Guangzhou city in south China in relation to the following: (1) knowledge and perception of 25 ecosystem services and 8 negative impacts; (2) attitude toward site condition and management; (3) expectation of landscape design; and (4) preference ranking of venues. A questionnaire was designed to solicit opinions from 340 respondents randomly chosen from residents living in the study area. The results indicated widespread recognition of ecosystem services and strong support of UGS programs. Negative responses were weakly expressed. Amelioration of urban microclimate and environmental quality were emphasized. Environmental functions stressed in publicity programs, together with aggravating environmental problems in the city, tended to focus respondents’ attention on UGS benefits. Wildlife habitat, species conservation and other natural ecosystem services drew limited concerns. Awareness of economic benefits was very low. Visual-landscape contributions with strong preference for naturalistic design and recreational benefits were highlighted. Compared with other countries, Guangzhou residents were characterized by visual–scenic–recreation orientation and pragmatic–utilitarian perception of UGSs, reflecting underlying differences in the understanding of inherent ecosystem services of green spaces. Relevant UGS policies and practices could adopt the approaches of market survey, citizen participation, and precision planning in order to meet increasingly mature and refined demands. Citizens’ understanding of high-order ecosystem services could be enhanced to encourage appreciation of nature and their associated benefits.     

Bridging the gap between mechanistic and adaptive explanations of territory formation

How animals divide space can have fundamental implications for the population dynamics of territorial species. It has recently been proposed that space can be divided if animals tend to avoid fight locations, rather than the winner of fights gaining access to exclusive resources, behaviour that generates exclusive territories in two-dimensional space. A game-theory model has shown that this avoidance behaviour can be adaptive, but the adaptiveness has not been investigated in a spatially realistic context. We present a model that investigates potential strategies for the acquisition of territories when two-dimensional space must be divided between individuals. We examine whether exclusive territories form when animals avoid all encounters with others, or only those encounters that have led to losing fights, under different fighting costs and population densities. Our model suggests that when fighting costs are high, and the population density is low, the most adaptive behaviour is to avoid fight locations, which generates well-defined, exclusive territories in a population that is able to resist invasion by more aggressive strategies. Low fighting costs and high population densities lead to the break-down of territoriality and the formation of large, overlapping home ranges. We also provide a novel reason as to why so-called paradoxical strategies do not exist in nature: if we define a paradoxical strategy as an exact mirror-image of a common-sense one, it must respond in the opposite way to a draw as well as to wins and losses. When this is the case, and draws are common (fight outcomes are often not clear-cut in nature), the common-sense strategy is more often adaptive than a paradoxical alternative.Communicated by P. Bednekoff     

Spatially Disaggregated Inventories of Soil NO and N2O Emissions for Great Britain

Estimates of soil N₂O and NOemissions at regional and country scales arehighly uncertain, because the most widely usedmethodologies are based on few data, they do notinclude all sources and do not account forspatial and seasonal variability. To improveunderstanding of the spatial distribution of soilNO and N₂O emissions we have developedsimple multi-linear regression models based onpublished field studies from temperate climates.The models were applied to create spatialinventories at the 5 km² scale of soil NOand N₂O emissions for Great Britain. The N₂O regression model described soilN₂O emissions as a function of soil N input,soil water content, soil temperature and land useand provided an annual N₂O emission of 128 kt N₂O-N yr^-1. Emission rates largerthan 12 kg N₂O-N ha^-1 yr^-1 werecalculated for the high rainfall grassland areasin the west of Great Britain.Soil NO emissions were calculated using tworegression models, which described NO emissionsas a function of soil N input with and without afunction for the water filled pore space. Thetotal annual emissions from both methods, 66 and7 kt NO-N yr^-1, respectively, span the rangeof previous estimates for Great Britain.     

毛竹混交林主要种群多维生态位特征

应用生态位空间分割法，分别考虑资源利用率与否测定毛竹混交林多维资源空间中主要种群多维生态位宽度及多维生态位重叠，结果表明：考虑资源利用率与否对多维生态位宽度的测定有较大的影响，毛竹混交林中主要种群的多维生态位宽度与物种的生物学特性及竞争力密切相关，同一生境中物种的多维生态位重叠可通过生态位分化而减少竞争，研究毛竹混交林主要种群多维生态位特征对毛竹混交林营造具有指导作用．表8参24．