铁路客运站人员疏散安全风险模拟研究

通过分析乌鲁木齐站疏散安全状况,对铁路客运站的应急疏散能力进行评价,为客运站紧急疏散设施设计、疏散管理方法提供有效的建议与改善措施。本文利用疏散仿真软件Pathfinder构建了乌鲁木齐站模型,进行人员疏散仿真模拟分析,评估乌鲁木齐站疏散安全风险。结果表明:在设计高峰小时发送量8200人情况下,乌鲁木齐站整体疏散时间为393.8s,超出相关规范的车站疏散时间要求。     

Child passengers and driver culpability in fatal crashes by driver gender

Objective: Studies based on accident statistics generally suggest that the presence of a passenger reduces adult drivers' accident risk. However, passengers have been reported to be a source of distraction in a remarkable portion of distraction-related crashes. Although the effect of passengers on driving performance has been studied extensively, few studies have focused on how a child passenger affects the driver.

?A child in a car is a potential distractor for parents, especially for mothers of small children, who often suffer from sleep deficit. The aim of this study was to examine how the presence of child passengers of different ages is associated with a higher driver culpability, which was expected due to child-related distraction and fatigue.

Methods: The analysis was based on the comprehensive data of fatal crashes studied in-depth by multidisciplinary road accident investigation teams in Finland during 1988–2012. Teams determine the primary party who had the most crucial effect on the origin of the event. We define the primary party as culpable and the others involved as nonculpable drivers. The culpability rate was defined as the percentage of culpable drivers and rates were compared for drivers with a child/teen passenger aged 0–17 years (N = 348), with an adult passenger without children (N = 324), and when driving alone (N = 579), grouped by child age and driver gender.

?Drivers with specific risk-related behavior (substantial speeding, driving when intoxicated, unbelted, or without a license) were excluded from the analyses, in order to make the drivers with and without children comparable. Only drivers 26–47 years old were included, representing parents with children 0–9 years of age.

Results: Male drivers were less often culpable with 0- to 17-year-old passengers in the car than alone or with adults. This was not the case with female drivers. The gender difference in culpability was most marked with small children age 0–4 years. Female drivers' culpability rate with a 0- to 4-year-old child passenger was higher and male drivers' culpability rate was lower compared to drivers without passengers or with only adult passengers.

Conclusion: The results indicate that female drivers are at higher risk of crashes than male drivers when driving with small children. Further research is needed to replicate this finding and to determine causal mechanisms.     

利用现代化管理手段,实施系统安全工程——记秦沈客运专线安全管理的实践

秦沈客运专线是我国内地第一条速度达到 2 0 0km/h的新建客运专线铁路。在技术上超越了我国现有铁路技术水平 ,因此 ,该专线的修建和管理是最具创新意义的项目 ,因此 ,在进行组织设计和施工中 ,充分利用现代化科学管理手段 ,努力实现系统安全工程。本文介绍了项目建设管理目标模式 ,讨论了安全管理过程中正确处理好的各方面关系 ,以及质量控制管理等内容     

基于心理感知的铁路综合客运枢纽客流疏解预警研究*

为解决铁路综合客运枢纽客流疏解预警忽略旅客心理感知与焦虑问题,基于状态焦虑问卷,定量描述旅客焦虑状态,通过引入心理测量学中积极率划分客流疏解等级阈值,确定枢纽客流疏解预警等级,构建以旅客感知疏解时间为预警指标的回归预测模型。研究结果表明:模型可定量预测枢纽站各种交通接驳方式客流的感知疏解时间,准确描述枢纽站预警等级,研究结果可为管理人员选择相应疏解措施提供依据。     

Child passenger injury risk in motor vehicle crashes: a comparison of nighttime and daytime driving by teenage and adult drivers

INTRODUCTION: To examine the association between child passenger injury risk, restraint use, and crash time (day vs. night) for children in crashes of vehicles driven by teenage versus adult drivers. METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving telephone interviews with insured drivers in a probability sample of 6,184 crashes involving 10,028 children. RESULTS: Child passengers in teen nighttime crashes had an increased injury risk and an increased risk of restraint nonuse compared with those in teen daytime crashes. This increased injury risk can be explained by differences in the age of child passengers, collision type, and child passenger's restraint status associated with time of day. CONCLUSIONS: In order to limit the risk of injury to child passengers driven by teens, Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) laws should include provisions restricting nighttime driving, as well as mandates for age-appropriate restraint for child passengers. Consideration should also be given for education in child passenger safety for novice teen drivers as part of the licensing process. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Results of this study can be used to support advocacy efforts by the automotive industry and others to promote nighttime driving restrictions on novice drivers. In addition, given that both driver groups were more likely to be involved in a single-vehicle collision during the night, technologies such as electronic stability control may offer opportunities for protection. Further reseach on specific circumstances of teen nighttime crashes is needed to inform industry efforts to improve visibility or vehicle operation under poor lighting conditions.     

与体育场馆连接地铁车站大客流疏运能力计算模拟分析

突发大客流是威胁地铁车站运行的主要风险之一,为研究与大型体育场馆连接的车站在大型活动期间面对突发大客流疏导问题,利用行人仿真动力学的方法,建立地铁车站疏运模型。计算分析一岛一侧站台和一岛站台2种设计方案下的大客流疏运过程,研究客流运动特征及乘客滞留情况、疏散通道节点通过能力、公共区容纳能力、瞬时客流密度等指标,给出不同设计方案下的最大疏运能力。计算模拟结果表明一岛一侧站台时最大疏运能力为30 294人/h,站台、站厅容纳能力与运能相匹配,一岛一侧站台设计方案时,主要控制点为楼扶梯通道和站台面。计算模拟结果与理论分析结果相符,表明计算模拟方法适用于地铁大客流模拟。     

Analysis of rider and child pillion passenger kinematics along with injury mechanisms during motorcycle crash

Abstract

Objective: Traffic fatalities among motorcycle users are intolerably high in Thailand. They account for 73% of the total number of road fatalities. Children are also among these victims. To improve countermeasures and design of protection equipment, understanding the biomechanics of motorcycle users under impact conditions is necessary. The objective of this work is to analyze the overall kinematics and injuries sustained by riders and child pillion passengers in various accident configurations.

Methods: Motorcycle accident data were analyzed. Common accident scenarios and impact parameters were identified. Two numerical approaches were employed. The multibody model was validated with a motorcycle crash test and used to generate possible accident cases for various impact conditions specified to cover all common accident scenarios. Specific impact conditions were selected for detailed finite element analysis. The finite element simulations of motorcycle-to-car collisions were conducted to provide insight into kinematics and injury mechanisms.

Results: Global kinematics found when the motorcycle’s front wheel impacts a car (config-MC) highlighted the translation motion of both the rider and passenger toward the impact position. The rider’s trunk impacted the handlebar and the head either impacted the car or missed. The hood constituted the highest head impact occurrence for this configuration. The child mostly impacted the rider’s back. Different kinematics were found when car impacted the lateral side of the motorcycle (config-CM). Upper bodies of both rider and child were laterally projected toward the car front. The windshield constituted the highest proportion of head impacts. The hood and A-pillar recorded a moderate proportion. The rider in finite element simulations with config-MC experienced high rib stress, lung strain, and pressure beyond the injury limit. A high head injury criterion was observed when the head hit the car. However, the simulation with config-CM exhibited high lower extremities stress and lung pressure in both occupants. Hyperextension of the rider’s neck was observed. The cumulative strain damage measure of the child’s brain was higher than the threshold for diffuse axonal injury (DAI).

Conclusions: This study revealed 2 kinematics patterns and injury mechanisms. Simulations with config-MC manifested a high risk of head and thorax injury to the rider but a low risk of severe injury to the child. Thorax injury to the rider due to handlebar impact was only found in simulations with config-MC. However, a high risk of skull, lower extremity, brain, and neck injuries were more pronounced for cases with config-CM. A high risk of DAI was also noticed for the child. In simulations with config-CM the child exhibited a higher risk of severe injury.     

渤海湾客滚船危险货物安全运输现状分析与对策

针对近五年来渤海湾客货滚装船车载化工产品货物常见种类及危险性分布情况进行了全面的统计,阐述了渤海湾航线客货滚装船车载化学品运输现状,分析了渤海湾航线客货滚装船车载化学品运输存在的问题以及载有危险货物运输车辆客货滚装船在发生事故时可能带来的危害.提出了加强管理部门间协作、疏导与查堵相结合、制定适应渤海湾短途航运的货物危险性测试标准以及引导和促进货物生产商、经营者、运输单位提前进行货物危险性测试分类,并采用合适的包装方式及警示标志等加强载有危险货物运输车辆客滚船安全管理的重要措施.     

基于安全约束的客站晚点列车到发线分配优化

为了研究安全约束条件下客站晚点列车到发线分配优化问题,采用混合整数规划建模方法建立基于安全约束的晚点列车到发线分配模型,避免列车出现行车事故和晚点传播,设计模拟退火算法对模型进行求解,以宝鸡车站为例,验证模型及方法的有效性。结果表明:当列车晚点时间较短情况下,安全约束对非晚点列车及车站作业影响较小,可采取“先到先服务”原则;当有多列列车晚点且时间较长时,优先安排非晚点列车进站作业。     

Increasing the safety of children's vehicle travel: from effective risk communication to behavior change

INTRODUCTION: When installed and used correctly, child safety seats reduce the risk of fatal injury by 71% for infants and 54% for toddlers. However, four out of five safety seats are unintentionally misused. Yet, parents fail to participate in safety-seat checks and other child seat interventions aimed at correcting misuse. METHOD: Such lack of participation is the focus of this article, which argues that most caregivers are na?ve to their own vulnerability for misusing their child's seat. Research on risk perception is discussed as a guide to understanding both the high misuse rate and the lack of participation in interventions designed to correct this public safety problem. RESULTS AND IMPACT: A comprehensive intervention plan that incorporates risk communication techniques for maximum parental participation is proposed that includes three essential components: (a) establishing community locations for parents to turn for safety seat advice, (b) making these locations well known to the public, and (c) increasing caregivers' perceptions of risk of misusing their children's seats.