微生物在含染料废水处理中的应用

印染和染料废水属于难处理工业废水.常规的物化方法费用大,产生污泥多,使用不普遍.生物法克服了这些缺点,正受到越来越多的关注,其中关于微生物的脱色能力有不少研究报告.利用微生物进行染料脱色和降解被认为是去除这些污染物的经济有效的方法.真菌,细菌和藻类均可以降解部分染料,特别是白腐真菌P.chrysosporium的脱色能力有了大量的研究结果.本文综合了最近几年真菌,细菌和藻类在染料废水脱色降解中作用的研究成果,并据此初步分析了染料降解机理和部分影响因素.     

固定化微生物技术在环境工程中的应用研究进展

综述了固定化微生物的制作方法及载体的选择,并对固定化技术在废水、大气和土壤等环境工程中的应用和研究进展状况进行了简介,同时对固定化技术的应用前景及存在的问题进行了评述。     

曝气生物流化床(ABFB)处理煤气化废水的研究

介绍一种曝气生物流化床的基本原理及特点,制作了总有效容积为1.5m³的曝气生物流化床(ABFB)中试设备,流化介质为合成高分子多孔材料,其物理性能为:持水量25倍、比表面积≥200m²/g、含氮量6.72%,载体带有-NH₂、-COOH、-OH、环氧基等活性基团可与微生物结合而固定化微生物,载体中生物量平均为28g/L(H₂O),故具有很高的处理效率.对平均值为COD 3450mg/L、NH₄⁺-N 451mg/L、挥发酚为177 mg/L的煤气化废水,经过ABFB处理后,其处理水中COD 57.7mg/L、NH₄⁺-N 0.285mg/L、挥发酚0.434mg/L,其运行效果优于曝气生物滤池(BAF)、接触氧化、活性炭流化床.ABFB具有运行稳定、抗冲击负荷强的特点,是一种先进的水处理技术.     

Microbial safety control of compost material with cow dung by heat treatment

Various kinds of pathogenic bacteria derived from the intestinal tract of animals exist in compost material like cow dung.In order to sterilize the pathogenic bacteria completely in compost material,the cow dung was put into a heat treatment machine in pilot plan, and harmless condition in short time was examined.The results indicated,pathogenic indicator bacteria such as coliform bacteria, fecal coliform,Escherichia coli and salmonella were all 10~6 cfu/g dw at the beginning,died rapidly when cow dung temperature rose to above 50℃,and not detected at 54-68℃for 6-24 h heat treatment.Coliform bacteria and salmonella in heated cow dung were not detected by re-growth culture and enrichment culture examination.Moreover,it was hardly influenced on the fermentation ability of composting microbe,organic decomposition bacteria.During heat treatment,the mesophile decreased rapidly and the thermophile stabilized or increased,and the most of composting microbe were bacillus in cow dung by fluorescence microscope,this indicated that bacillus was dominator and composting microbe in composting process.     

利用微生物絮凝剂解决钻井污水治理中存在的问题

钻井污水处理中存在着混凝剂效力不高，处理费用较高并易造成二次污染等问题。解决问题的途径是研究开发机械处理技术和有机高分子絮凝剂。建议利用微生物絮凝剂处理钻井污水，以消除废水处理中的二次污染，提高净化效果，降低成本。     

BOD微生物传感器和BOD智能生物检测仪的研究

报道了一种具有广泛底物的高效菌种制成的 BOD微生物传感器及智能型快速 BOD测定仪。采用该仪器 ,可快速测定水中的 BOD,测定周期仅为 3 0分钟     

兰州大气微生物的监测与评价

报道了兰州大气微生物的污染状况，结果是城区比郊区污染严重。用中科院生态学研究中心制订的７级标准评价，兰州属污染和中度污染区，其污染程度高于北京，天津等城市。     

玉米秸秆生物炭固化细菌对镉砷吸附

为了确保细菌对镉砷复合污染土壤的修复效果,对细菌进行固定化处理.本研究将细菌悬液(Delftia sp. B9, B9)、玉米秸秆生物炭(corn stalks biochar,CSB)以及玉米秸秆生物炭-细菌复合体(corn stalks biochar-bacteria complex,B-CSB)作为3种吸附材料,探究3种材料对镉和砷的吸附特性及pH对3种材料去除水中镉砷离子性能的影响,进行了等温吸附模型拟合,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外变换光谱(FT-IR)和X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)对3种材料进行表征分析,同时探究添加B9、 CSB和B-CSB对土壤中镉和砷形态变化的影响.结果表明, 3种材料对Cd~(2+)的饱和吸附量分别为49.43、 82.68和75.38 mg·g~(-1);对As的饱和吸附量分别为24.67、 42.92和34.03 mg·g~(-1).添加B-CSB可使土壤中的弱酸可溶态Cd显著下降,残渣态Cd显著增加;铁型砷含量显著减少,残渣态砷含量增加.B-CSB是一种更有效地修复镉砷复合污染的材料.     

Effective removal of antibiotic resistance genes and potential links with archaeal communities during vacuum-type composting and positive-pressure composting

As a major reservoir of antibiotics, animal manure contributes a lot to the augmented environmental pressure of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This might be the first study to explore the effects of different ventilation types on the control of ARGs and to identify the relationships between archaeal communities and ARGs during the composting of dairy manure. Several ARGs were quantified via Real-time qPCR and microbial communities including bacteria and archaea were analyzed by High-throughput sequencing during vacuum-type composting (VTC) and positive-pressure composting (PPC). The total detected ARGs and class I integrase gene (intI1) under VTC were significantly lower than that under PPC during each stage of the composting (p < 0.001). The relative abundance of potential human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) which were identified based on sequencing information and correlation analysis decreased by 74.6% and 91.4% at the end of PPC and VTC, respectively. The composition of archaeal communities indicated that methane-producing archaea including Methanobrevibacter, Methanocorpusculum and Methanosphaera were dominant throughout the composting. Redundancy analysis suggested that Methanobrevibacter and Methanocorpusculum were positively correlated with all of the detected ARGs. Network analysis determined that the possible hosts of ARGs were different under VTC and PPC, and provided new sights about potential links between archaea and ARGs. Our results showed better performance of VTC in reducing ARGs and potential HPB and demonstrated that some archaea could also be influential hosts of ARGs, and caution the risks of archaea carrying ARGs.     

Enantioselective effects of imazethapyr residues on Arabidopsis thaliana metabolic profile and phyllosphere microbial communities

Imazethapyr (IM) is a widely used acetolactate synthase-inhibiting chiral herbicide. It has long-term residuals that may be absorbed by the human body through the edible parts of plants, such as vegetable leaves or fruits. Here, we selected a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, to determine the effects of R-IM and S-IM on its leaf structure, photosynthetic efficiency, and metabolites, as well as the structures of microorganisms in the phyllosphere, after 7 days of exposure. Our results indicated enantiomeric differences in plant growth between R-IM and S-IM; 133 µg/kg R-IM showed heavier inhibition of photosynthetic efficiency and greater changes to subcellular structure than S-IM. R-IM and S-IM also had different effects on metabolism and leaf microorganisms. S-IM mainly increased lipid compounds and decreased amino acids, while R-IM increased sugar accumulation. The relative abundance of Moraxellaceae human pathogenic bacteria was increased by R-IM treatment, indicating that R-IM treatment may increase leaf surface pathogenic bacteria. Our research provides a new perspective for evaluating the harmfulness of pesticide residues in soil, phyllosphere microbiome changes via the regulation of plant metabolism, and induced pathogenic bacterial accumulation risks.