城市污水细菌多样性及其生物安全性研究

为掌握镇江城市污水中微生物种群结构特征,笔者通过构建并分析城市污水中细菌16SrRNA基因文库,对其系统族群研究发现:污水中细菌16S rRNA基因主要来自变形细菌(proteobacte-ria)的各亚族,占总检序列的86.3％,还有脱铁杆菌门(Deferribacteres)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)等类群,表明城市污水中微生物丰富多样.通过生物安全评价发现,污水中存在多种病原微生物,包括Arcobacter; Sulfurospirillum;Acinetobacter; Aeromonas;Fusobacterium;Bacteroides; Esch-erichia coli;Enterobacter;Clostridium 等.研究表明,近似弓形杆菌属(Arcobacter)的细菌比例高达74.2％,为城市污水中的主要优势菌群,PCR扩增23S rDNA上的特异性序列后进一步证实污水中Arco-bacter为致病性弓形杆菌,该发现为制定治理城市污水生物性污染的措施提供了科学依据.     

Inhibitory properties of Enterococcus spp. isolated from faeces of healthy dogs

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect by the cross-streak method of nine Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from faeces of healthy dogs and their treated and non-treated cell-free supernatant (CFS) by the well-diffusion test on the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical cases and aflatoxigenic Aspergillus section Flavi and the consequent aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) production. Results obtained from the cross-strake assay showed that E. faecium MF1, GJ18 and GJ40 presented the major inhibitory activity against all pathogenic strains assayed; E. faecium GJ40 produced the larger inhibitory zones (26–27 mm). Well-diffusion test results showed that the majority of the enterococci strains CFS had antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic microorganisms, especially on Gram negative indicators. Cell-free supernatant of E. faecium GJ40 was the one that produced the largest inhibition zones (14 to 21 mm) in the majority of the indicator microorganisms assayed. All supernatants treated with 10 N NaOH (pH6) showed no inhibitory effect on the indicator strain assayed. With respect to fungal inhibition, any of the CFS assayed significantly inhibited the Aspergillus strains growth. But, in general, all CFS reduced AFB₁ production from 8 to 87%. The results demonstrate that enterococci isolated from healthy dog feaces produce substances with the capacity to inhibit some potential pathogenic bacteria growth and the capacity of inhibiting or reducing the AFB₁ production in vitro.     

北运河流域沙河水库沉积物中病原微生物污染特征研究

以北运河上游沙河水库为研究对象,通过采集沙河水库表层(0～20 cm)沉积物与柱状沉积物样品,采用现代分子生物学手段分析了沉积物中微生物群落结构和3种典型病原菌(大肠杆菌、肠球菌、志贺氏菌)的基因丰度,并分析其与环境因子的相关关系.结果表明:水平分布上,沉积物中大肠杆菌的绝对丰度与相对丰度在库下游与点源污染区较高,肠球...     

内循环式A/O/IAT-IAT工艺处理效果与微生物群落结构关系

对内循环式A/O/IAT-IAT同步脱氮除磷工艺在2种不同工况下的脱氮除磷效果和微生物群落结构之间的关系进行了探讨.工况1(HRT为20h,SRT为3.5 d),出水ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(NH₄+-N),ρ(PO₄3-P)分别为9.2～30.6,3.2～7.6和0.2～0.5 mg/L;工况2(HRT为15 h,SRT为5.0 d),出水ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(NH₄+-N),ρ(PO₄3-P)分别为1.2～23.0,0.1～2.1和0.3～1.3 mg/L.试验结果表明:与工况1相比,工况2 NH4+-N和SS平均去除率分别上升了12%和59.4%,而PO₄3-P却下降了7.9%.同时,2种工况下活性污泥特性也发生了变化,SV由75%～80%下降到37%～54%.2种工况下微生物优势菌没有发生明显改变,基本为变型杆菌;工况1活性污泥中优势微型动物为着生型原生动物,而工况2中则以硝化指示生物为主,且着生型后生动物的密度是工况1的10倍.      

无机废水硝化过程中原生动物群落结构特征及其变化规律

研究了处理人工氨氮配水的反应器硝化过程中原生动物种群结构特征及其变化规律.研究发现,来自城市污水厂的接种污泥随着运行时间的延长,原生动物的种群多样性不断降低.在亚硝酸盐积累阶段,表壳虫(Arcella)成为优势种;在硝酸盐成为主要硝化产物时,原生动物的优势种主要为累枝虫(Epistyli)和匣壳虫(Centropyxis);污泥粒径大小是决定匣壳虫成为优势种的主要原因.     

Occurrence of human pathogenic bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes revealed by metagenomic approach: A case study from an aquatic environment

Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs), human pathogenic bacteria(HPB), and HPB carrying ARGs are public issues that pose a high risk to aquatic environments and public health. Their diversity and abundance in water, intestine, and sediments of shrimp culture pond were investigated using metagenomic approach. A total of 19 classes of ARGs, 52 HPB species, and 7 species of HPB carrying ARGs were found. Additionally, 157, 104, and 86 subtypes of ARGs were detected in shrimp intestine, pond water, and sediment samples, respectively. In all the samples, multidrug resistance genes were the highest abundant class of ARGs. The dominant HPB was Enterococcus faecalis in shrimp intestine, Vibrio parahaemolyticus in sediments, and Mycobacterium yongonense in water, respectively. Moreover, E. faecalis(contig Intestine_364647)and Enterococcus faecium(contig Intestine_80272) carrying efr A, efr B and ANT(6)-Ia were found in shrimp intestine, Desulfosaricina cetonica(contig Sediment_825143) and Escherichia coli(contig Sediment_188430) carrying mex B and APH(3′)-IIa were found in sediments, and Laribacter hongkongensis(contig Water_478168 and Water_369477), Shigella sonnei(contig Water_880246),and Acinetobacter baumannii(contig Water_525520) carrying sul1, sul2, ere A, qac H, OXA-21, and mph D were found in pond water. Mobile genetic elements(MGEs) analysis indicated that horizontal gene transfer(HGT) of integrons, insertion sequences, and plasmids existed in shrimp intestine, sediment, and water samples, and the abundance of integrons was higher than that of other two MGEs. The results suggested that HPB carrying ARGs potentially existed in aquatic environments, and that these contributed to the environment and public health risk evaluation.     

化学防除薇甘菊对内伶仃岛土壤原生动物群落的影响

在化学防除薇甘菊过程中，对薇甘菊施加不同浓度除莠剂森草净前后两个月内土壤中原生动物群落的种类组成及数量动态变化进行了研究．实验发现施加除莠剂森草净后，肉足虫的种类数及丰度均随着施药浓度的增大而下降，且丰度变化尤为剧烈；低施药浓度下(m=0．001gm^-2)鞭毛虫及纤毛虫的种类数均有所增加；鞭毛虫的丰度随施药浓度增大而急剧增大．结果表明：除莠剂森草净对土壤原生动物群落有较大的影响，在两个月后依然有可能破坏土壤生态环境进而影响土壤肥力及动植物的生长。     

DIE‐OFF OF PATHOGENIC E. COLI O157:H7 IN SEWAGE CONTAMINATED WATERS1

E. coli O157:H7 is a pathogen that can be present in sewage contaminated waters. This organism poses a health risk for humans who come in contact with these waters via drinking, swimming, or shellfish consumption. A risk assessment model is needed to evaluate or quantify this risk. One possibility is the use of a computer model to simulate the fate and transport of E. coli O157:H7 downstream from a discharge point [e.g., a separate sanitary sewer overflow (SSO)]. However, this computer model would require input data regarding characteristics of this organism, which have not been previously available. One necessary input parameter is the rate at which die off of this organism occurs in a stream or river environment. Several studies were conducted to evaluate the die‐off rate of E. coli O157:H7 in an SSO impacted stream. Indicator bacteria (total coliforms, E. coli, and enterococci) were evaluated simultaneously. The results suggest that E. coli O157:H7 is not persistent — decay rates are high relative to the indicator bacteria. However, the decay plots suggest a biphasic response: initial decay is rapid, followed by an attenuated, slower decay. Hence traditional simulation methods using a single, first‐order decay rate may be inaccurate.     

Monitoring bioaccumulation and toxic e ects of hexachlorobenzene using the polyurethane foam unit method in the microbial communities of the Fuhe River,Wuhan

Hexachlorobenzene （HCB） is a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon that was widely used for seed dressing in prevention of fungal growth on crops, and also as a component of fireworks, ammunition, and synthetic rubbers. Because of its resistance to degradation and mobility, HCB is widely distributed throughout the environment and is accumulated through food chains in different ecosystems. In this study, a preliminary investigation was carried out on the bioaccumulation and the toxic effects of HCB in the microbial （protozoan in particular） communities in the Fuhe River, Wuhan, a water body receiving industrial wastewaters containing HCB and other pollutants, using the standardized polyurethane foam units （PFU） method. Field samples were taken from eight stations established along the Fuhe River in January and August 2006. The concentration ratios of HCB in microbial communities and in water were 9.66-18.64, and the microbial communities accumulated 13.29-56.88 μg/L of HCB in January and 0.82-10.25 μg/L HCB in August. Correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between the HCB contents in the microbial assemblage, and the number of species and the diversity index of the protozoan communities. This study demonstrated the applicability of the PFU method in monitoring the effects of HCB on the level of microbial communities.     

石灰投加与搅拌对生态厕所的灭菌效果

以发展中国家农村地区的卫生条件改善为目的,开展了简易生态厕所的粪便堆肥处理实验。在投加石灰作为抑菌剂的条件下,研究了搅拌混合对杀灭致病微生物的影响,以及使堆肥终产物达到可接受风险值所需的最佳搅拌条件。实验确定了石灰的投加量,并应用Beta-Possion模型对堆肥处置过程中致病微生物对暴露人群的健康风险进行评价,从而从健康风险控制的角度确定了最佳的搅拌次数。研究结果表明,石灰投加量约占堆肥干重1.5%,手动搅拌50次,经搅拌后放置12 h能达到可接受的风险值(3.2×10-5)。