内循环式A/O/IAT-IAT工艺处理效果与微生物群落结构关系

对内循环式A/O/IAT-IAT同步脱氮除磷工艺在2种不同工况下的脱氮除磷效果和微生物群落结构之间的关系进行了探讨.工况1(HRT为20h,SRT为3.5 d),出水ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(NH₄+-N),ρ(PO₄3-P)分别为9.2～30.6,3.2～7.6和0.2～0.5 mg/L;工况2(HRT为15 h,SRT为5.0 d),出水ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(NH₄+-N),ρ(PO₄3-P)分别为1.2～23.0,0.1～2.1和0.3～1.3 mg/L.试验结果表明:与工况1相比,工况2 NH4+-N和SS平均去除率分别上升了12%和59.4%,而PO₄3-P却下降了7.9%.同时,2种工况下活性污泥特性也发生了变化,SV由75%～80%下降到37%～54%.2种工况下微生物优势菌没有发生明显改变,基本为变型杆菌;工况1活性污泥中优势微型动物为着生型原生动物,而工况2中则以硝化指示生物为主,且着生型后生动物的密度是工况1的10倍.      

无机废水硝化过程中原生动物群落结构特征及其变化规律

研究了处理人工氨氮配水的反应器硝化过程中原生动物种群结构特征及其变化规律.研究发现,来自城市污水厂的接种污泥随着运行时间的延长,原生动物的种群多样性不断降低.在亚硝酸盐积累阶段,表壳虫(Arcella)成为优势种;在硝酸盐成为主要硝化产物时,原生动物的优势种主要为累枝虫(Epistyli)和匣壳虫(Centropyxis);污泥粒径大小是决定匣壳虫成为优势种的主要原因.     

Inhibitory properties of Enterococcus spp. isolated from faeces of healthy dogs

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect by the cross-streak method of nine Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from faeces of healthy dogs and their treated and non-treated cell-free supernatant (CFS) by the well-diffusion test on the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical cases and aflatoxigenic Aspergillus section Flavi and the consequent aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) production. Results obtained from the cross-strake assay showed that E. faecium MF1, GJ18 and GJ40 presented the major inhibitory activity against all pathogenic strains assayed; E. faecium GJ40 produced the larger inhibitory zones (26–27 mm). Well-diffusion test results showed that the majority of the enterococci strains CFS had antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic microorganisms, especially on Gram negative indicators. Cell-free supernatant of E. faecium GJ40 was the one that produced the largest inhibition zones (14 to 21 mm) in the majority of the indicator microorganisms assayed. All supernatants treated with 10 N NaOH (pH6) showed no inhibitory effect on the indicator strain assayed. With respect to fungal inhibition, any of the CFS assayed significantly inhibited the Aspergillus strains growth. But, in general, all CFS reduced AFB₁ production from 8 to 87%. The results demonstrate that enterococci isolated from healthy dog feaces produce substances with the capacity to inhibit some potential pathogenic bacteria growth and the capacity of inhibiting or reducing the AFB₁ production in vitro.     

免疫磁珠分离技术在环境病原微生物检测中的应用

介绍免疫磁珠分离技术的原理和操作步骤,分析其主要影响因素.介绍该技术在环境样品病原菌、原虫及病毒检测中的应用及研究进展.环境样品成分复杂,需经适当分离纯化处理再进行病原微生物检测,从而保证检测结果的可信性.免疫磁珠分离技术兼具免疫反应的特异性及磁性分离的快速性,能够有效分离纯化环境水样中的病原微生物,广泛应用于病原微生物的检测.     

城市污水细菌多样性及其生物安全性研究

为掌握镇江城市污水中微生物种群结构特征,笔者通过构建并分析城市污水中细菌16SrRNA基因文库,对其系统族群研究发现:污水中细菌16S rRNA基因主要来自变形细菌(proteobacte-ria)的各亚族,占总检序列的86.3％,还有脱铁杆菌门(Deferribacteres)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)等类群,表明城市污水中微生物丰富多样.通过生物安全评价发现,污水中存在多种病原微生物,包括Arcobacter; Sulfurospirillum;Acinetobacter; Aeromonas;Fusobacterium;Bacteroides; Esch-erichia coli;Enterobacter;Clostridium 等.研究表明,近似弓形杆菌属(Arcobacter)的细菌比例高达74.2％,为城市污水中的主要优势菌群,PCR扩增23S rDNA上的特异性序列后进一步证实污水中Arco-bacter为致病性弓形杆菌,该发现为制定治理城市污水生物性污染的措施提供了科学依据.     

北运河流域沙河水库沉积物中病原微生物污染特征研究

以北运河上游沙河水库为研究对象,通过采集沙河水库表层(0～20 cm)沉积物与柱状沉积物样品,采用现代分子生物学手段分析了沉积物中微生物群落结构和3种典型病原菌(大肠杆菌、肠球菌、志贺氏菌)的基因丰度,并分析其与环境因子的相关关系.结果表明:水平分布上,沉积物中大肠杆菌的绝对丰度与相对丰度在库下游与点源污染区较高,肠球...     

通用引物PCR方法在地表水病原菌检测中的应用

为了探索通用引物PCR方法在地表水病原细菌检测中的应用价值,利用16S rRNA基因的高度保守性,设计并合成细菌的通用引物,采用合成的引物扩增参考菌株及西安市区不同地表水样,并对PCR产物分别进行序列测定及序列同源性分析,同时检测水样中的细菌总数和粪大肠杆菌浓度.结果显示,通用引物扩增4种参考菌株,320 bp处均可得到清晰的电泳条带,其特异性通过序列测定及同源性分析得到进一步验证;通用引物PCR可检出250 ng/L的埃希氏大肠杆菌标准菌株DNA,其PCR检测的灵敏度可达0.275 CFU/mL;用通用引物对西安市区不同地表水样进行PCR扩增,其中■河、兴庆湖、大唐芙蓉园北湖、北石桥污水处理厂出水样品320 bp处都得到了清晰的电泳条带,而黑河水样没有条带;与之相对应的粪大肠杆菌群检测结果显示,只有北石桥污水处理厂出水和兴庆湖水样有粪大肠杆菌检出.      

石灰投加与搅拌对生态厕所的灭菌效果

以发展中国家农村地区的卫生条件改善为目的,开展了简易生态厕所的粪便堆肥处理实验。在投加石灰作为抑菌剂的条件下,研究了搅拌混合对杀灭致病微生物的影响,以及使堆肥终产物达到可接受风险值所需的最佳搅拌条件。实验确定了石灰的投加量,并应用Beta-Possion模型对堆肥处置过程中致病微生物对暴露人群的健康风险进行评价,从而从健康风险控制的角度确定了最佳的搅拌次数。研究结果表明,石灰投加量约占堆肥干重1.5%,手动搅拌50次,经搅拌后放置12 h能达到可接受的风险值(3.2×10-5)。     

纳米零价铁在水处理中的应用研究综述

纳米零价铁(nZVI)作为最常用的纳米颗粒之一,在去除环境水体中的污染物方面开展了大量的研究.本篇综述通过系统全面地总结nZVI的相关进展,介绍nZVI的各个方面进而指导其发展方向.其中,研究内容主要包括制备方法、改性方式、去除不同水中污染物的作用机理和催化机理、在场地研究中的应用以及毒性作用机制.本文发现,纳米零价铁仍存在缺少综合评价方法、应用受限、各项研究不同步等问题.nZVI未来的发展,应具备考虑反应性、稳定性、迁移性、毒性的评价方法,避免同一改性材料在不同研究方向的时间差异性,让nZVI的应用更好地适用实地研究.     

Microbial safety control of compost material with cow dung by heat treatment

Various kinds of pathogenic bacteria derived from the intestinal tract of animals exist in compost material like cow dung.In order to sterilize the pathogenic bacteria completely in compost material,the cow dung was put into a heat treatment machine in pilot plan, and harmless condition in short time was examined.The results indicated,pathogenic indicator bacteria such as coliform bacteria, fecal coliform,Escherichia coli and salmonella were all 10~6 cfu/g dw at the beginning,died rapidly when cow dung temperature rose to above 50℃,and not detected at 54-68℃for 6-24 h heat treatment.Coliform bacteria and salmonella in heated cow dung were not detected by re-growth culture and enrichment culture examination.Moreover,it was hardly influenced on the fermentation ability of composting microbe,organic decomposition bacteria.During heat treatment,the mesophile decreased rapidly and the thermophile stabilized or increased,and the most of composting microbe were bacillus in cow dung by fluorescence microscope,this indicated that bacillus was dominator and composting microbe in composting process.