采油废水中多环芳烃的生态风险评价

先利用C-18固相萃取小柱富集大港油田港东联合处理站污水处理站的采油废水中16种多环芳烃(PAHs,即萘、苊烯、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽和苯并[g,h,i]苝),再用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析测定其浓度,以评价PAHs的去除率和生态风险。结果表明:(1)采油废水经处理后,COD、石油类去除率分别达到82.27%、91.06%;外排水COD、石油类达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)一级标准要求,优于中国采油废水处理的一般水平。(2)采油废水主要以2、3环的PAHs为主,约占总量的93%以上。(3)苯并[a]芘超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中限值。(4)处理前的采油废水中蒽、菲和苯并[a]芘具有一定的生态风险;处理后的外排水中萘、蒽、菲、荧蒽、苯并[a]芘的暴露浓度(PEC)/预测无效应浓度(PNEC)均小于1,目前尚未对环境造成威胁。但是8种PAHs(苊烯和苯并类PAHs除外)总和表现出较大的毒性,需要引起重视。     

壬基酚降解菌产酶条件的优化

通过单因素试验和正交试验确定了实验室保藏的壬基酚降解菌株沙雷氏菌(Serratiasp.LJ)的最佳产酶条件:以壬基酚、硫酸铵为碳源、氮源,培养基初始pH为6.8,培养温度为30℃,种子活化时间为24h,接种量为3%(体积分数)。在此条件下培养72h后,最高酶活力为1.314IU/mL,是优化前的1.77倍。     

Assessment of DDT and mercury levels in fish and sediments in the Iriri River,Brazil: Distribution and ecological risk

Abstract

In order to assess the risk of exposure of human populations to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and mercury, muscles of five fish species were analysed, along with the surface sediment of 14 Iriri River sampling sites. The fish specimens were sacrificed by the spinal section, prior to sex identification, body weight determination and total length. Considering the fish specimens studied, 11% of them showed concentrations of mercury higher than the maximum established by the World Health Organization for safe human consumption. A positive correlation between fish body weight and mercury concentration was observed, besides a positive correlation between the fish size and Hg concentration. Significant differences (P?<?0.05) were found between mean concentrations of DDT and metabolites among species of fish studied. In the Plagioscion squamossissimus species, the highest concentration of total DDT (151.4?ng/g) was found, while in Eugerres Brasilianus species, the lowest. However, the DDT levels in fish muscle of studied species are below the maximum set by FAO-Alimentarius CODEX. In the sediments, total DDT ranged from 11.58?ng/g to 48.4?ng/g, which is associated with the historical DDT use in the Amazon. According to sediment quality guidelines, these levels have a moderate toxic effect in almost all of the studied region.     

抚河流域水生态环境恢复措施初探

论述了江西省抚河流域的概况、水生态环境的现状及存在的问题，包括淤泥的堆积、水土的流失、水污染、沿岸防洪圩堤标准偏低等问题,并提出了流域水生态环境恢复的目标，以及针对恢复目标提出了水权分配、水土保持治理、水工程治理、水质治理等方面的初步措施与建议。     

Challenges in assessing the toxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to marine organisms: a case study on the acute toxicity of pyrene to the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)

The acute toxicity (96 h) of pyrene (PY) to European seabass (Dicentrachus labrax) juveniles assessed in a semi-static bioassay (SSB) with medium renewal at each 12 h, and in a static bioassay (SB) without medium renewal was compared in laboratorial conditions (water PY concentrations: 0.07-10 mg L⁻¹). Main findings in the SSB that assessed mainly the toxicity of PY and its metabolites were: increased levels of bile PY metabolites in good agreement with the profile of lipid peroxidation levels (LPO) in exposed fish relating PY exposure and oxidative damage; increased levels of PY-type compounds in the brain indicating their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier; increased levels of these substances in liver and muscle which are edible tissues for humans thus raising concern on potential adverse effects on consumers of fish from PY contaminated areas; a significant inhibition of glutathione S-transferase activity suggesting its involvement in PY detoxication as toxicant scavenger; finally, an almost complete impairment of the swimming velocity at all the PY concentrations linking sub-individual to higher population level effects. In the SB, where the overall toxicity of PY, its metabolites and environmental degradation products was evaluated, 19% and 79% of PY decay in test media was found at 12 and 96 h, respectively. In general, the effects were similar to those of SSB but with significant effects being induced at higher PY concentrations indicating that the parental compound is more toxic than its environmental degradation products. The other main differences relatively to the SSB were: increased levels of PY-type substances in the liver suggesting more accumulation in this organ. Therefore, these findings highlight the need of carefully considering experimental design options when assessing the toxicity of readily degradable substances to marine fish, and stress the importance of taking into consideration the toxicity of environmental degradation products in addition to toxic effects of the parental substance and its metabolites for marine ecological risk assessment.     

顶板瓦斯高抽巷合理抽放负压数值模拟研究

顶板瓦斯高抽巷的抽采效果与抽放负压直接相关.结合阳煤三矿K8206大采长综放 面顶板瓦斯高抽巷实际抽采效果,通过数值模拟与现场实测数据分析,得出顶板瓦斯高抽巷 抽采正常期最优抽放负压,以期对高瓦斯矿区顶板瓦斯高抽巷的合理抽放参数确定提供科学依据,实现矿井的煤与瓦斯安全高效共采.     

生态环境的脆弱性对垃圾不适当处置的响应

垃圾的不适当处置,对生态环境的负面影响是多方面的。在上海、北京和石家庄等地研究表明,垃圾的随意处置,已经造成了许多环境污染问题:垃圾的污染成分包括“三氮”、COD、BOD、重金属离子、有机污染物等,这些污染物在包气带砂性土的侧向迁移距离约15 m,而在地下水中则可达到120 m/a,在地表水中影响距离可达200 多m,在粘性土中的垂向迁移一般在3 m以浅;Cd、Hg、As、F、Pb等有毒离子在垃圾处置场附近高梁粒的综合污染指数可达192-238,超过国家食品卫生标准高达650倍,在西瓜和甜瓜中,这些离子超标少的几倍,高的达100多或1300多倍;垃圾中COD、Cl-、NH4+、NO3-、NO2-等对地表水的单项污染指数高的达100多倍,并在静止的地表水呈现指数函数衰减;对地下水的单项污染指数高的可达340多倍,高出地下水三类标准100多倍,综合污染指数少的60,高的达170。     

基于生态槽实验的藻类生长参数确定

在太湖湖泊生态系统研究站的生态模拟槽中进行了藻类的动态模拟实验.取太湖原水至生态槽中,在温度、光照、营养盐变化条件下进行采样,观察藻类的变化情况.在生态槽实验基础上应用PHREEQC模型建立了藻类生长模型,模型中考虑了氮及磷营养盐的循环过程.利用生态模拟槽实验结果对太湖藻类生长模型的各参数进行了详细的率定验证,并应用最小二乘法确定最佳的一组参数,藻类及各种营养盐浓度的模拟值均能较好地拟合实验测量值.     

石油污染对海洋生态环境的影响与防治对策

分析了石油污染对海洋生态环境的影响,提出了预防泄漏措施.     

吉林生态省建设规划背景评价的生态足迹分析

生态足迹理论在应用于区域层次时,因为区域进出口数据的不健全,在计算净消费量的过程中往往误差较大,因此,很难真实反映区域环境的压力负荷.所以,本文以区域生产量取代消费量,并用生产性生态足迹作为区域可持续发展的评价指标,对吉林省2002年的生产性生态足迹进行了计算分析.结果表明,吉林省2002年的生物生产发展模式处于一种不可持续的状态,并简要分析了存在生产性生态赤字的原因和消除生态赤字的途径和方法,将为更好的实施生态省建设规划提供一定的科学指导性意见.