基于矿产资源租的国内外矿产资源有偿使用制度比较

当前,我国矿产资源领域的制度建设相对滞后.西方市场经济国家经过多年建立起来的矿产资源有偿使用制度,对我国相关制度的建设具有借鉴意义.文章从稀缺租和李嘉图的级差地租的视角出发,对国内外矿产资源有偿使用制度的经济学基础进行了分析,指出了国内外各种矿产资源税费所代表的矿产资源租的含义.在此基础上,梳理出国内外矿产资源税费的对应关系,指出:①我国的资源税、矿产资源补偿费、矿区使用费相当于国外的权利金;②矿业权价款相当于国外的红利;③矿业权使用费相当于国外的矿业权出让金;④石油特别收益金相当于国外的资源租金税;⑤而对应于国外的资源耗竭补贴,我国还没有出台相应的税费.文章建议新的矿产资源有偿使用制度改革方案应达到两点,第一,理顺租、税、费之间的关系;第二,理顺对级差地租和稀缺租的征收,在新古典经济学的框架下,寻求一个对级差地租和稀缺租征收的最优水平,实现国家的资源所有权益,减小社会收入分配不公,补偿外部性和代际成本.     

多孔矿物载体厌氧固定床处理有机废水研究

通过天然浮石和塑料多孔空心球而制成复合式多孔矿物载体应用于厌氧固定床反应器中,研究反应器挂膜性能,以及处理生活污水、啤酒废水效果,应用扫描电镜观察生物膜微生物相的形态结构.结果表明,反应器挂膜69 d后COD去除率稳定在70%以上,初次启动成功;处理生活污水中平均COD去除率为61.72%;处理啤酒废水中COD去除率高...     

Groundwater resources at risk in the glaciofluvial formation of Jokkavaara in Rovaniemi area, Northern Finland

The best groundwater resources in Finland are generally situated in glaciofluvial formations with thick sand and gravel deposits. The glaciofluvial formation of Jokkavaara, in northern Finland near the town of Rovaniemi, is important for both its groundwater reserves and its sand and gravel resources. The groundwater and mineral resources of Jokkavaara was studied to define their quantity and quality, and to develop a land-use plan which would help civil servants of the municipality to make the decisions necessary for exploiting sand and gravel. The land-use plan shows the areas where exploiting mineral resources is not allowed or recommended because of the risks of contamination of groundwater, or because of injurious effects on the environment caused by noise and dust from gravel pits, or by spoilt landscape. The size of Jokkavaara is 5 km2, and its mineral resources are about 53 million cubic metres. The sand and gravel deposits are at the most, 50 m thick. Risks of contamination by fallout are small, due to the thick sand and gravel deposits above groundwater level. Exploiting mineral resources have no effect on groundwater quality either. By the land-use plan and legislation, good groundwater can also be protected in the future. Legislation limits the exploitation of mineral resources especially in groundwater areas.     

Australian junior exploration floats, 2001–06, and their implications for IPOs

An analysis of 179 junior exploration floats, listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) between July 2001 and June 2006, helped to build a basic understanding of the strategy and business structure of these companies. The “typical” junior explorer raised A$4 million at initial public offering (IPO) to finance a 2-year, mainly greenfields exploration program. The capital raised at IPO entitled its investors to approximately half of the company, with the balance in the hands of the promoters, vendors and/or seed capital investors. Of the A$4 million raised at IPO, it intended to spend approximately two-thirds on exploration, while the remainder was absorbed in corporate overheads and the costs of the IPO. Once these were paid, ongoing corporate overheads averaged approximately 28% of its total operational expenditure. However, given an average total annual expenditure of approximately A$2.6 million, most juniors held insufficient capital reserves to meet operational costs beyond a time frame of 2 years. As at October 2006, 9% of the companies were in the process of mine construction, whereas 6% had made it to producer status. The lead time from listing to production ranged from 1.5 to 53 months, giving a median of 28 months.     

矿物添加剂对复混肥料的影响

添加剂是复混肥料中不可忽视的组分。介绍了几种矿物添加剂在复混肥料中的作用。在测土配方施用复混肥中，添加剂也需要“测土配方”，传统的粘土矿物添加剂对复混肥生产和储存有较好的效果，但对土壤和农作物也有不利的影响。矿物添加剂有利于补充土壤有机质，复混肥料的应用前景广阔，但还需进一步研究和探明既有利于复混肥生产和储存，又有利于土壤和农作物的地质矿物和工艺。     

Effect of poultry,cattle, sheep manures and sewage sludge on N mineralisation

The effects of various organic wastes on nitrogen mineralisation in soil were investigated. For this purpose, poultry (pl), cattle (ct), sheep (sh) manures and sewage sludge were used as organic wastes. This study was conducted as a laboratory incubation experiment with a calcareous soil. Organic wastes (3%) were added to pots of soil and incubated at 28°C for 16 weeks under non-leaching conditions. The cumulative mineralised N was then fitted to a single exponential model. Maximum nitrogen mineralisation was determined in the second week of incubation in soil treated with poultry manure. Overall, the results showed that the amount of mineral nitrogen in soil treated with different organic wastes was controlled by the type of manure. The results indicated that among the organic wastes, sewage sludge induced the highest quantities of net N mineralisation. Generally, organic wastes increased the amount of N mineralisation in the studied soil and the values of N₀ and k in treated soil varied depending on the type of organic waste. The highest N₀ and k values were found in poultry-treated soil.     

不同水分梯度下UV-B辐射对2个稻田土壤碳氮转化的影响

UV-B辐射对土壤碳氮转化的影响与土壤物理化学性质有关,为明确土壤水分状态对UV-B辐射的影响,以有机质含量不同的两个水稻土(有机质含量低的记为L,高的记为H)为研究材料,在室内研究了含水量为25%(W1)、50%(W2)和100%(W3)时,UV-B辐射对土壤总有机碳(TOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)以及累积净矿化氮量的影响.结果表明:120 h后,与避光(对照,CK)相比,UV-B辐射显著降低了土壤TOC的含量(P0.05);UV-B辐射下,水分从低到高,L土壤的TOC分别降低了9.9%、4.5%和6.3%,H土壤降低了10.9%、5.6%和6.3%.但与对照相比,UV-B辐射却促使土壤DOC增加;且在UV-B辐射下水分为100%的处理中,土壤DOC含量高于25%和50%的处理,120 h时,L土壤的DOC分别增加了21.5%(W1)、9.4(W2)和26.3%(W3),H土壤分别降低了26.7%(W1)、14.2%(W2)和33.8%(W3).与对照相比,UV-B辐射使NH_4~+-N含量有所下降;且在UV-B辐射中,NH_4~+-N含量的变化幅度在不同水分条件下的整体表现为W1W2W3.较对照处理,UV-B辐射促进NO_3~--N的累积,NO_3~--N变化幅度在不同水分条件下的表现为:W1W3W2.24 h后与对照相比,UV-B辐射对土壤累积净矿化氮量有显著影响(P0.05),且UV-B辐射下累积净矿化氮量在不同水分之间差异显著(P0.05).这表明光降解在土壤有机质的稳定中扮演着重要角色,UV-B辐射会加速土壤有机碳的损失,影响土壤矿质态氮的转化,且水分不同,UV-B辐射对土壤碳氮转化的影响存在一定差异.     

粉煤灰对烟气中CO2的吸收特性及矿物相演变机理研究

粉煤灰矿化CO₂是一种极具前景的减少燃煤电厂CO₂排放的技术.然而,目前还缺乏从矿物学角度对碳酸化反应机理的详细认识.本研究选取了3种粉煤灰开展碳酸化实验和矿物学研究,考察碳酸化过程中温度对碳酸化能力及粉煤灰矿物学变化的影响.结果表明,在任一温度下,BJ粉煤灰的碳酸化率均高于YA和LY粉煤灰,这是由于BJ粉煤灰中硬石膏、钙铁石和无定形相等活性矿物相含量较高,LY粉煤灰缺少高活性的钙、镁结晶相.对YA粉煤灰而言,升高温度可显著提高透辉石、尖晶石、黑钙铁矿和方镁石的转化率.在碳酸化YA粉煤灰中同时检测出碳酸钙和碳酸镁/铁,说明除含钙相其他活性元素(Mg和Fe)也参与了碳酸化过程.因此,需要对每个粉煤灰原始材料的矿物学和操作温度进行具体的个案优化,以最大限度地提高固定CO₂能力和碳酸化率.结果还表明温度对不同晶型碳酸钙的形成具有重要作用.方解石在低温(40和80℃)下形成,而文石在高温(180和220℃)下形成.     

模拟酸雨下铅锌冶炼废渣重金属的静态释放特征

以株洲某铅锌冶炼废水中和渣为研究对象,开展不同初始pH值（3.0,4.5,5.6和7.0）模拟酸雨静态浸出实验,研究22d浸泡过程中废渣Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn等重金属的动态释放规律及其化学形态变化和矿物相变特征.结果表明,废渣具有较强的酸缓冲潜力,浸出液pH值稳定在6.20~6.66.Cu和Pb在浸泡初期释放较快,Cd和Zn释放相对较慢.浸出液Cd浓度随浸出时间增加而上升,Zn浓度呈波动变化,Cu和Pb浓度变幅较小.提高雨水酸度促进废渣中重金属的释放,浸出液Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn浓度范围分别为1.38~8.70,0~0.02,1.21~2.26和27.2~135mg/L,其中Cd、Pb和Zn浓度分别超过我国《铅、锌工业污染物排放标准》（GB 25466-2010）限值的26.6~173倍、1.42~3.52倍和17.1~89.0倍..重金属BCR顺序提取表明,浸出液中较高Cd和Zn浓度与其赋存高活性态比例一致,且酸雨促使残渣态Cd和Pb向活性态转化.XRD分析显示,pH=3.0酸雨处理22d后原废渣中Cd和Zn的赋存矿物相消失,PbSO₄谱峰增强,表明废渣重金属的释放受其赋存矿物相及次生矿物形成的影响.重金属释放率呈现出Cd （2.50%~15.8%）> Zn （0.41%~2.13%）> Pb （0.06%~0.10%）> Cu （0.0003%~0.11%）的趋势.自然堆存酸雨作用下废渣中Cd、Pb和Zn具有较大环境风险,需加强降雨淋滤污染防治管控.     

矿产资源开发生态补偿文献综述及实践进展

矿产资源开发会造成严重的环境污染和生态破坏,影响矿区经济增长和居民生活,为了消除这种负外部性,必须给予相应的补偿。在概念界定的基础上,对矿产资源开发生态补偿的理论文献进行系统梳理,并对国内外实践进行总结。分析发现：现有研究在内容上尚存在一些不足之处,包括生态补偿契约设计问题、补偿资金分摊问题、差异化补偿标准问题、不同补偿模式交易成本测度及临界点问题等。这些问题是未来值得进一步深入研究的学术问题。我国矿产资源开发生态补偿起步较晚,在实践中暴露出一些问题,包括制度建设和监管体系等。相比较而言,美国、德国、英国等国家经过长期的实践,在法律体系建设、不同矿区分类补偿、进入和退出机制、资金保障制度、监管机制构建等方面具有丰富的经验,取得了非常好的效果。借鉴其他国家的先进经验,可以从几方面完善我国矿产资源开发生态补偿机制,包括健全法律法规体系、完善保证金制度、健全生态补偿税费制度、建立健全监管体系等。