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991.
Monitoring of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) carried out at Anglian Water’s Broadholme sewage treatment plant (STP) is described. The method deployed used headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) and the addition of isotopically labelled cVMS to correct for partitioning in samples containing high levels of particulate and dissolved organic carbon. The method was capable of measuring cVMS in raw sewage samples, with recoveries of 80%, 85% and 71% respectively, for D4, D5 and D6. The limit of quantification was 0.2 μg L−1 for all three substances. Recoveries close to 100% were observed for all cVMS spiked into treated effluent (LOQ = 0.01 μg L−1). Despite the volatile nature of cVMS and its ubiquitous presence in the ambient atmosphere, the methods deployed showed excellent recoveries, reproducibility and quantification limits. A distinct diurnal variation in cVMS concentration, probably linked with the use of personal care products was observed for raw sewage but not in treated sewage effluent. The estimated per capita consumption of D5 (∼2.7 mg cap−1 d−1) derived for the population served by this plant was significantly lower than that derived in the Environment Agency (UK) risk assessment (11.6 mg cap−1 d−1). The cVMS were highly removed during sewage treatment with efficiencies greater than 98%. The methods and findings of this pilot study can be used as the basis for future studies on the fate of cVMS substances in STPs. 相似文献
992.
Ryan C. Lewis John D. Meeker Karen E. Peterson Joyce M. Lee Gerry G. Pace Alejandra Cantoral Martha Maria Téllez-Rojo 《Chemosphere》2013
Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates is prevalent among children and adolescents, but little is known regarding important sources of exposure at these sensitive life stages. In this study, we measured urinary concentrations of BPA and nine phthalate metabolites in 108 Mexican children aged 8–13 years. Associations of age, time of day, and questionnaire items on external environment, water use, and food container use with specific gravity-corrected urinary concentrations were assessed, as were questionnaire items concerning the use of 17 personal care products in the past 48-h. As a secondary aim, third trimester urinary concentrations were measured in 99 mothers of these children, and the relationship between specific gravity-corrected urinary concentrations at these two time points was explored. After adjusting for potential confounding by other personal care product use in the past 48-h, there were statistically significant (p < 0.05) positive associations in boys for cologne/perfume use and monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and in girls for colored cosmetics use and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), MEHHP, MEOHP, and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), conditioner use and MEP, deodorant use and MEP, and other hair products use and MBP. There was a statistically significant positive trend for the number of personal care products used in the past 48-h and log-MEP in girls. However, there were no statistically significant associations between the analytes and the other questionnaire items and there were no strong correlations between the analytes measured during the third trimester and at 8–13 years of age. We demonstrated that personal care product use is associated with exposure to multiple phthalates in children. Due to rapid development, children may be susceptible to impacts from exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals; thus, reduced or delayed use of certain personal care products among children may be warranted. 相似文献
993.
从液滴受力分析入手,分析了喷淋塔内液滴的运动特性,采用类比定律推导了气相传质系数计算式,建立了喷淋塔脱氨传质模型,并进行了实验验证,分别在不同的喷淋密度和空塔气速的条件下,对传质系数、比表面积及容积吸收率沿塔高的分布进行了模拟.结果表明,沿着液滴的下落方向,比表面积逐渐减小,传质系数缓慢增大,二者在塔顶附近变化显著;传质速率受比表面积和传质推动力的影响较大,增大喷淋密度可显著增加比表面积,提高空塔气速可增大平均传质系数;喷淋塔下半段比表面积小,增大比表面积是强化传质的有效手段. 相似文献
994.
Pamela Brunswick Graham van Aggelen Craig Buday Marcus Kim 《Environmental Forensics》2015,16(4):333-343
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the determination of trace dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DOSS) concentrations in seawater samples has been established. The method is well suited to aquatic environment impact monitoring following application of the dispersant Corexit EC9500A. Linearity of the method was demonstrated down to 0.05 ng/mL?1 (0.05 µgL?1) DOSS in seawater, with a 2.4% relative standard deviation precision for preparation replicates. A US EPA method limit of detection of <0.02 ng/mL?1 (<0.02 µgL?1) was calculated and specificity was confirmed by monitoring of two qualifier ions at 291.1 m/z and 227.1 m/z. These transitions were confirmed by QToF analysis to be associated with the DOSS precursor ion at 421.2 m/z. For application to seawater samples and samples containing oil particulates, a practical and repeatable calibration range of 0.5 ng/mL?1 (0.5 µgL?1) to 25.0 ng/mL?1 (25.0 µgL?1) DOSS is reported. The method was shown to have excellent precision and accuracy, with a consistent ≤1.6% relative standard deviation for system suitability standards at 0.5 ng/mL?1 (0.5 µgL?1) and linear weighted (1/x) regression coefficients of determination ≥0.995. The surfactant nature of the analyte is discussed in relation to detection limit and loss of analyte. Speculation of a relationship between DOSS in association or aggregation with divalent cations, such as Ca2+ present in salt water and hard water, is suggested. The consequent effects on cell ionic balance and membrane function are discussed. 相似文献
995.
为构建适宜普通小球藻快速生长及生物固碳的内环流气升式平板光生物反应器,通过正交实验方法考察了表观气速(SGV)、高径比(H/D)、降流区与升流区的面积比(Ad/Ar)等设计参数对传递特性变量(气含率、液相循环流速、体积传质系数)和微藻固碳速率的影响。结果表明,SGV对微藻固碳速率影响最为显著,Ad/Ar次之,H/D最小。最适设计参数为SGV=0.3 vvm,Ad/Ar=3∶1,H/D=6∶1。SGV主要通过提高了藻液的气含率而对微藻固碳起到积极作用;微藻生长受多重因素影响,仅仅考察体积传质系数对反应器性能的提升并不全面,气含率的提高对微藻高效固碳更为有利。 相似文献
996.
997.
During the winters of 2006/2007 and 2007/2008, PM2.5 source apportionment programs were carried out within five western Montana valley communities. Filter samples were analyzed for mass and chemical composition. Information was utilized in a Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) computer model to apportion the sources of PM2.5. Results showed that wood smoke (likely residential woodstoves) was the major source of PM2.5 in each of the communities, contributing from 56% to 77% of the measured wintertime PM2.5. Results of 14C analyses showed that between 44% and 76% of the measured PM2.5 came from a new carbon (wood smoke) source, confirming the results of the CMB modeling. In summary, the CMB model results, coupled with the 14C results, support that wood smoke is the major contributor to the overall PM2.5 mass in these rural, northern Rocky Mountain airsheds throughout the winter months. 相似文献
998.
Kevin A. Schug Theodore R. Skingel Sandra E. Spencer Carlos A. Serrano Cuong Q. Le Christopher A. Schug Theodore W. Valenti Jr. Bryan W. Brooks Laura D. Mydlarz James P. Grover 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2010,46(1):33-44
Schug, Kevin A., Theodore R. Skingel, Sandra E. Spencer, Carlos A. Serrano, Cuong Q. Le, Christopher A. Schug, Theodore W. Valenti, Jr., Bryan W. Brooks, Laura D. Mydlarz, and James P. Grover, 2010. Hemolysis, Fish Mortality, and LC-ESI-MS of Cultured Crude and Fractionated Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum). Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):33-44. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00389.x Abstract: Erythrocyte lysis and fish mortality assays, in combination with high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) analysis, were investigated for bioassay-guided fractionation of cultured golden alga (Prymnesium parvum). Intracellular constituents from isolated cell pellets and extracellular supernatant growth medium were fractionated by a variety of common separation modes, including reversed phase and normal phase solid phase extraction step fractionation procedures. For reversed phase fractionation of extracellular growth medium, one fraction was obtained that displayed hemolytic activity and adversely affected fish survival. Effective dose concentrations for this sample were similar in both assays and the LC-ESI-MS analysis of the fraction showed a number of mass spectral signals which were distinct to this fraction. Fractions obtained from separation of an ethanol extract of the lyophilized cell pellet provided one sample that was highly hemolytic, but not toxic to fish. Discrepancies such as this, along with notable fish behavioral responses from other nonhemolytic cell pellet fractions, problems with the use of unbonded silica gel for fractionation, and misleading mass spectral signatures are interesting in the context of our current understanding of P. parvum toxicity and remain to be investigated further. This work provides an account of ongoing research aimed toward comprehensive elucidation of toxic constituents produced by golden alga for the purpose of providing a better understanding and means to potentially remediate the ecological impact of this harmful bloom organism. 相似文献
999.
通过标准GM 9540P和GMW 14872两种方法的试验,评价了不锈钢SUH409L、B409和409DG的耐蚀性,两种方法的结果表明三种不锈钢的耐蚀性能由强至弱依次为SUH409L〉B409〉409DG。 相似文献
1000.
An extensive study on the presence of illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals with potential for abuse in sewage waters was made for the first time in the Netherlands. A total number of 24 target drugs were investigated in influent and effluent wastewater using liquid chromatography coupled to a high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer. This powerful analyzer has allowed not only the detection and identification of the compounds under investigation, but also their quantification at very low levels, which is highly innovative in the field of drugs of abuse. Samples were taken from five sewage treatment plants (STPs) during a whole week. The selected STPs served four cities of different size and an international airport. Daily variances of drug loads were demonstrated and removal efficiencies calculated for each drug and STP individually. Twelve target compounds were found in at least one influent or effluent, and highest concentrations were observed in influents collected from more urbanized areas. The compounds more frequently detected were amphetamine, benzoylecgonine, cocaine and THCCOOH together with the pharmaceuticals codeine, oxazepam and temazepam. Established week trends in consumption of drugs showed distinct differences between individual drugs. A slightly different occurrence pattern was observed in wastewaters from the airport. Thus, methamphetamine was only detected at Schiphol, a fact that was interpreted to be caused by consumption of this drug by travelers. Despite the fact that the Netherlands has frequently been criticized for its liberal drug policy the results from this study did not reveal higher drug consumption than found elsewhere, with the exception of cannabis. 相似文献