Association of serum levels of perfluoroalkyl substances with gestational diabetes mellitus and postpartum blood glucose

This study was conducted to examine the association of perfluoroalkyl substance(PFAS)exposure with gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) risk and postpartum fasting blood glucose.We used a 1:2 matched case–control study with 84 GDM subjects and 168 healthy pregnant women from Beijing, China. The maternal blood was collected at 1–2 days before delivery, and eight linear isomers and fourteen branched isomers were determined in maternal serum.Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations after adjusting for potential confounders. The median of the sum of levels of total PFASs was 4.24 ng/m L with a interquartile range(IQR) of 2.82–6.54 ng/m L. Although maternal PFAS exposure was not associated with risk of GDM, significant positive associations were observed between evaluated exposure to specific PFAS congeners and increasing blood glucose. The odds ratio(ORs) of the highest category of postpartum fasting blood glucose for perfluoro-1-metylheptylsulfonat(1 m-PFOS), perfluoro-3/4-metylheptylsulfonat(3 m+4 m-PFOS), perfluoro-5-metylheptylsulfonat(5 m-PFOS), and perfluorohexane sulfonate(PFHx S) were 2.03(95% CI: 1.09–3.77), 1.93(95% CI:1.04–3.58), 2.48(95% CI: 1.33–4.65), and 2.26(95% CI: 1.21–4.21), respectively, suggesting negative effects of maternal exposure to specific PFAS compounds on glucose metabolism.     

生物滞留系统处理水产养殖尾水的效能和机制

为探究生物滞留系统(bioretention system,BS)对水产养殖尾水的处理效能,设计并构建倒置(inverted bioretention system,IBS)和正置(control bioretention system,CBS)2组生物滞留系统,在不同进水条件下比较了2种BS构建方式的运行效能,通过胞外聚合物(EPS)、三维荧光光谱和电子传递活性(ETSA)等方法阐述了不同构建方式下BS的脱氮机制。结果表明：在不同进水条件下IBS的处理效能优于CBS,当运行间隔周期为1 d时,IBS的TN和NO₃⁻-N去除率分别达到71.79%~82.00%和68.70%~85.84%,平均去除率比CBS分别高出10.65%和15.89%。CBS和IBS的TN和NO₃⁻-N去除率随进水负荷的增加呈先升高后稳定的趋势,TP波动最小,去除率均稳定在97.04%~99.22%。构建方式对EPS的组分无明显影响,但对EPS含量和ETSA影响显著。IBS的构建方式可促进微生物分泌更多的EPS,其中EPS的多糖(PS)和蛋白质(PN)含量分别比CBS高出66.89 ug·g⁻¹和603.24 ug·g⁻¹,并且IBS的酪氨酸、色氨酸和微生物代谢产物明显高于CBS;此外,与CBS的ETSA为(0.47±0.07) ug·(g·min)⁻¹,相比IBS提高了0.35 ug·(g·min)⁻¹。以上研究结果为应用生物滞留系统技术处理养殖尾水提供参考。     

活性污泥对硒化镉量子点暴露的胁迫响应机制

为揭示硒化镉(CdSe)量子点(quantum dots, QDs)在复杂环境体系中的生物毒性效应,本研究以活性污泥为研究对象,探讨了CdSe QDs(0.1~10 mg·L⁻¹)长期暴露对序批式活性污泥反应器运行效能、污泥性能以及微生物代谢作用的影响。结果表明,在实验质量浓度范围内,出水COD值和硝酸盐波动较大,而硝化作用影响较小,且低剂量CdSe QDs的存在加速了NH₄⁺-N的降解,1 mg·L⁻¹ CdSe QDs将平均氨氧化速率由2.2 mg·(L∙h)⁻¹提高到3.3 mg·(L∙h)⁻¹。尽管CdSe QDs会引起出水浊度略微增加,但污泥沉降性能始终维持稳定。CdSe QDs主要与污泥表面的C—O—C、C—O、C—C和磷酸基团结合,诱导胞外聚合物的酪氨酸类蛋白荧光淬灭。同时,微生物会通过分泌色氨酸类蛋白以缓解胁迫影响。此外,活性污泥的物种丰富度和多样性均受CdSe QDs的抑制,但低质量浓度CdSe QDs有利于Nitrospirae相对丰度的增加。PICRUSt2预测显示,微生物的新陈代谢和遗传信息处理相关的代谢通路均受到CdSe QDs的显著抑制,膜传输和信号传导的代谢通路丰度最终分别下降至32 552和7 876,导致反应器出水COD值随暴露剂量的增加而逐渐增大。因此,CdSe QDs通过改变微生物群落结构和功能影响活性污泥有机物的去除效果,但对硝化反应及污泥絮凝和沉淀性能并未表现出明显负面效果。     

厌氧序批式生物膜反应器处理葡萄酒生产废水性能及菌群演替分析

为探究厌氧序批式生物膜法处理葡萄酒生产废水的可行性,采用厌氧序批式生物膜反应器(AnSBBR)预处理模拟葡萄酒生产废水,通过逐级增加进水浓度来提升有机负荷并对AnSBBR在不同负荷下的运行特性及菌群演替规律。结果表明： 在35 ℃、HRT为20 h、周期为4 h的运行工况下,当OLR为1.2~9.6 g·(L·d)⁻¹时,AnSBBR均能保证出水COD值低于200 mg·L⁻¹,当OLR为5.4 g·(L·d)⁻¹时,运行性能最佳,COD去除率为(97.2±0.5)%,甲烷产率为(349.9±7.6) mL·g⁻¹;与OLR为1.2 g·(L·d)⁻¹相比,OLR为9.6 g·(L·d)⁻¹时产甲烷速率提高69.3%,生物量增加294.3%,辅酶F₄₂₀浓度增加190.8%,电子传递活性(INT-ETS)提高88.4%;当OLR增至10.2 g·(L·d)⁻¹后,反应器中VFA浓度持续增加,丙酸和丁酸积累,缓冲能力明显下降,系统无法适应该负荷条件;高通量测序显示,群落中主要的细菌为Desulfovibrio、Brevinema、Treponema、Longilinea、Paludibacter和Leptolinea,主要的古菌为Methanobacterium、Methanobrevibacter,Methanosaeta和Methanosarcina;受进水基质组分和负荷的影响,细菌和古菌中丰度占比最大的分别为Desulfovibrio(12.4%)和Methanobacterium(17.1%);当OLR为5.4 g·(L·d)⁻¹时,产甲烷菌多样性更高且在门和属水平上整体丰度最大,分别为26.7%和26.3%;当OLR为9.6 g·(L·d)⁻¹时,培养出特定的菌属(Methanobrevibacter)以适应环境。由此可以看出,逐级提升OLR的运行策略可促进生物膜系统的增殖和代谢活性。本研究确定了AnSBBR处理葡萄酒生产废水的最大及最佳运行负荷,该结果可为推动AnSBBR的工程化应用提供依据。     

基于粒度分布的活性污泥胞外聚合物提取及凝聚特性分析

胞外聚合物(EPS)在活性污泥的凝聚及结构方面起着重要的作用。现有研究一般根据分离难易程度及空间分布,将EPS分为溶解型EPS(SEPS),松散结合型EPS(LB-EPS)和紧密结合型EPS(TB-EPS)。本研究提出了根据EPS功能进行分类的概念,将EPS分为絮体EPS(extra-microcolony polymeric substances,EMPS)和菌胶团EPS(extra-cellular polymeric substances,ECPS)。以活性污泥粒度分布的演变为基础,采用阳离子交换树脂法作为一次提取法,甲醛加碱法和超声-高速离心法2种方法分别作为二次提取法,对EMPS和ECPS进行分离提取,并对其功能及凝聚特性进行分析。结果显示,阳离子交换树脂法可有效提取EMPS,而超声-高速离心法可有效提取ECPS。ECPS比EMPS含有更多的蛋白质和多糖,且ECPS比EMPS具有更强的疏水性。此外,EMPS和ECPS都表现出较强的带负电特性。结果表明,活性污泥絮体层级和菌胶团层级的聚合力不同,絮体层级的絮凝主要由二价阳离子的桥联作用引起,而菌胶团层级的凝聚则是由疏水作用等其他作用力引起。     

黄水为碳源的颗粒污泥除磷机理研究

颗粒污泥作为近年来备受关注的一种生物处理技术,具有结构密实、沉降性好、生物相丰富且活性高等优点。为了了解好氧颗粒污泥除磷机理,以黄水为碳源的同步脱氮除磷颗粒污泥为研究对象,研究颗粒污泥的物理特性、除磷特性,重点研究颗粒污泥中磷的形态及含量,同时研究不同方法对颗粒污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取效果及其对磷去除的影响,揭示该颗粒污泥的除磷机理,为城市污水利用同步脱氮除磷颗粒污泥实现高效低耗除磷提供理论与技术支持。     

酸雨形成机制及其影响因素的探讨

本文概述了酸雨的形成机制及影响酸雨酸度的因素。重点探讨了致碱物质，如气体氨、含有Ca^2 、Mg^2 的碱性粒子以及海盐氯循环对酸雨的缓冲作用。     

荧光猝灭法测定菲、苊、芘与腐殖酸的结合常数

用荧光猝灭法测定了胡敏酸（Fluka）与苊、菲和芘相互作用的结合常数（KDOC），其lgKDOC值分别为4．4，4．48和4．89．用同样方法测得长江水生FA以及黑龙江水生FA和HA的KDOC之间有显著差别．HA的KDODC一般高于FA．黑龙江水生FA的KDOC高于长江．对同一来源的腐殖酸，三种多环芳烃的KDOC与KOW呈线性相关．     

Photocatalytic oxidation of humic substances with TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-coated glass micro-spheres

The photocatalytic oxidation of humic substances in aqueous solutions and natural waters with TiO₂ attached to buoyant, hollow glass micro-spheres was studied. A maximum oxidation efficiency of 3.6 mg W^–1 h^–1 was achieved in neutral or alkaline media at a plane surface concentration of the catalyst attached to the micro-spheres of 25 g m^–2. Proceeding by different mechanisms in acidic and alkaline media, the photocatalytic oxidation efficiency did not benefit from an excessive presence of hydroxyl radical promoters, hydrogen peroxide and alkali.     

Humic substances shorten human plasma prothrombin time

The prothrombin time of the normal human pooled plasma was shortened by Aldrich humic acid well water humic substances and lignin at final concentrations ranging from 5 × 10^–3 mg mL^–1 to 5 × 10^–2 mg mL^–1, with a maxmum effect at 1 × 10^–2 mg mL^–1. At this concentration the shortening was 5.5 s, 4.4 s, and 3.5 s by Aldrich humic acid, well water humic substances and lignin respectively. However, monomeric components of humic acid such as syringic acid, protocatechuic acid, pyrogallol, vanillic acid, gallic acid, resorcinol, ferulic acid, catechol, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid did not have such ability to shorten prothrombin time at the same final concentration ranges. Certain reducing agents such as t-butanol (2.5 × 10^– –2.0 × 10^–2 mg mL^–1), glutathione (8.0 × 10^–2–1 .0 mg mL^–1), ascorbic acid (4.2 × 10^–2–5.0 × 10^–1 mg mL^–1) and dithiothreitol (1.0 × 10^–2–1.7 × 10^–1mg mL^–1) could prevent the shortening effects of humic substances or lignin on prothrombin time. These results suggested that humic substances and lignin with a polymerised structure had an ability to affect activities of some blood coagulating enzymes.