活性污泥胞外多聚物提取方法的比较

活性污泥污水处理系统中胞外多聚物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)对污染物的去除及污泥的絮凝、沉降和脱水性能都有着重要作用,影响活性污泥工艺的运行稳定性,然而不同的提取方法可能导致EPS组分、数量有显著差异,直接影响相关实验结果.本文采用离心法提取溶解型和疏松型EPS后,采用文献经常报道的8种物理、化学方法提取紧密型EPS(tightly bound EPS,TB-EPS),研究TB-EPS数量及多糖、蛋白质、核酸等成分含量并进一步分析TB-EPS的基团组成,也分析了TB-EPS中15种元素含量.结果表明,8种方法中,加热法提取TB-EPS组分数量较多,对污泥微生物细胞破坏程度低,且在EPS提取过程不引入外源物质,是一种较为合适的EPS提取方法.阳离子树脂法对TB-EPS中芳香族蛋白质和腐殖酸类物质有较好的提取效果,Na OH法对富里酸类物质提取效果较好.物理法对TB-EPS红外光谱的官能团种类无明显影响,但化学法对TB-EPS官能团种类影响较显著,TB-EPS具有不同的特征吸附峰.总体上,化学法提取的TB-EPS中元素含量高于物理法.研究者应根据实验目的,选取适宜的EPS提取方法;或者建立EPS提取的标准方法,有助于实验结果间的比较.     

3种不同工艺切换下活性污泥菌群结构及代谢产物对污泥沉降性能的影响

均以乙酸钠为碳源,考察了AAO脱氮除磷(Ⅰ阶段)、AO脱氮(Ⅱ阶段)、好氧除碳(Ⅲ阶段)这3种工艺下污泥沉降性能的变化,追踪了污泥中微生物群落结构的演替、监测了微生物代谢产物的含量及组分变化,分析运行方式对污泥沉降性能变化的影响.结果表明,Ⅰ阶段沉降性能最佳,其次为Ⅲ、Ⅱ阶段.运行条件的不同,系统优势菌及菌群结构都发生了显著变化,其中Thiothrix的相对数量是影响污泥沉降性能变化的主导细菌.在接种污泥和Ⅰ阶段Thiothrix的丰度仅为0.08%和1.51%,Ⅱ阶段上升至9.41%,Ⅲ阶段降至4.29%.Ⅰ阶段的厌氧区对该菌的生长具有抑制作用,但Ⅱ阶段的缺氧区却刺激其优势生长.同时对比了3个系统中微生物种群多样性,Ⅰ阶段最高,其次为Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段.缺氧区和厌氧区的引入导致系统功能与环境的复杂度增加,微生物群落多样性有所升高.胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)中各组分含量及三维荧光测定结果表明,微生物群落结构变化对EPS的组分及含量具有显著影响,进而导致污泥沉降性能改善或恶化的进程加剧,污泥沉降性能与松散附着胞外聚合物(loosely bound EPS,LB-EPS)中蛋白质/多糖的比值呈正相关.     

Effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on sludge dewaterability and extracellular polymeric substances distribution in mesophilic anaerobic digestion

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on sludge dewaterability was determined and the fate of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix in mesophilic anaerobic digestion after ultrasonic pretreatment was studied. Characteristics of proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS), excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular weight (MW) distribution of dissolved organic matters (DOM) in different EPS fractions were evaluated. The results showed that after ultrasonic pretreatment, the normalized capillary suction time (CST) decreased from 44.4 to 11.1 (sec·L)/g total suspended solids (TSS) during anaerobic digestion, indicating that sludge dewaterability was greatly improved. The normalized CST was significantly correlated with PN concentration (R2 = 0.92, p 0.01) and the PN/PS ratio (R2 = 0.84, p 0.01) in the loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) fraction. Meanwhile, the average MW of DOM in the LB- EPS and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) fractions also had a good correlation with the normalized CST (R2 0.66, p 0.01). According to EEM fluorescence spectroscopy, tryptophan-like substances intensities in the slime, LB-EPS and TB-EPS fractions were correlated with the normalized CST. The organic matters in the EPS matrix played an important role in influencing sludge dewaterability.     

交流电场对生物膜胞外聚合物提取过程的影响

利用电场特性,研究了交流电场的电流、频率大小对生物膜胞外聚合物(EPS)提取过程的影响,当电流密度小于10mA/cm²时,外电场对生物膜内微生物细胞影响较小;提取剂不同则对应的最佳提取频率不同,NaOH提取剂较适合的频率范围是10～100Hz;在电场条件一定的情况下,分别探讨了溶液pH值、提取剂浓度等各因素对提取效果的影响.以EDTA钠盐为提取剂,其浓度为2%时,提取效果较好;以2% EDTA钠盐为提取剂时,pH=10提取效果最佳.     

活性污泥胞外聚合物提取动力学模型

为研究活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)提取过程中各参数间的基本关系及优化EPS提取过程,建立了EPS提取过程中浓度随时间变化的动力学模型,并通过前人研究数据和本次试验数据对模型进行验证.结果表明,模型对一些经典文献中的数据拟合效果较好,拟合系数(R2)均大于0.94.对MLSS为(1064.47±298.70)mg/L,MLVSS为(822±147)mg/L的活性污泥进行EPS提取, TOC和蛋白质的拟合效果较好,但多糖和DNA的拟合效果不理想.该模型可以大致估算试验中EPS的最大提取量及任一时间的EPS产量.     

高铁酸钾氧化降解氧氟沙星的机理

以喹诺酮类抗生素氧氟沙星（OFL）为目标物质,研究高铁酸钾（Fe （VI））对OFL的去除及氧化机理.采用高效液相色谱仪（HPLC）、液相色谱-质谱联用仪（UPLC-QTOF-MS）等方法,考察Fe （VI）投加量、pH值、温度和共存物质等因素对OFL降解效果的影响,分析反应动力学,计算过程中Fe （VI）的贡献率,识别Fe （VI）氧化OFL的产物并推测主要反应路径.结果表明：当Fe （VI）与OFL的物质的量比为40：1、pH值为8、温度为25℃时,反应30min后OFL的降解率达到92.38%,前5min快速反应阶段,OFL的降解符合伪二级反应动力学.反应过程的活化能为28.17kJ/mol.反应中Fe （VI）及中间高价态铁的贡献率为70.34%,且腐殖酸会显著抑制该反应.通过对氧化产物进行分析提出了Fe （VI）氧化OFL的3条主要路径.OFL经脱羧、去甲基、脱羰、羟基化等反应,实现其分子上喹诺酮取代基、哌嗪基环及恶嗪基环的开环.     

Effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances in anaerobic digested sludge

The composition and effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of the stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in anaerobic digested sludge were determined. The total EPS in anaerobic digested sludge were extracted by the cation exchange resin method. Another EPS extraction method, the centrifugation and sonication technique was employed to stratify the EPS into three fractions: slime, loosely bound (LB)-EPS, and tightly bound (TB)-EPS from the outside to the inside of the anaerobic digested sludge. Proteins and polysaccharides were dispersed uniformly across the different EPS fractions, and humic-like substances were mainly partitioned in the slime, with TB-EPS second. Protein was the major constituent of the LB-EPS and TB-EPS, and the corresponding ratios ranged from 54.0% to 65.6%. The hydrophobic part in the EPS chemical components was primarily comprised of protein and DNA, while the hydrophilic part was mainly composed of polysaccharide. In the slime, the hydrophobic values of several EPS chemical components (protein, polysaccharide, humic-like substances and DNA) were all below 50%. The protein/polysaccharide ratio had a significant influence on the Zeta potentials and isoelectric point values of the EPS: the greater the protein/polysaccharide ratio of the EPS was, the greater the Zeta potential and the higher the isoelectric point value were. All Zeta potentials of the EPS showed a decreasing trend with increasing pH. The corresponding isoelectric point values (pH) were 2.8 for total EPS, 2.2 for slime, 2.7 for LB-EPS, and 2.6 for TB-EPS. As the ionic strength increased, the Zeta potentials sharply increased and then gradually became constant without charge reversal. In addition, as the temperature increased (< 40°C), the apparent viscosity of the EPS decreased monotonically and then gradually became stable between 40 and 60°C.     

Study of the severity of industrial accidents with hazardous substances by historical analysis

This paper studies the levels of risk in industrial facilities where hazardous substances are used, evaluating the influence of certain variables on the severity of the accidents that have occurred until now. It makes use of the incidents recorded in the July 2001 version of the MHIDAS database. This study reveals that accidents in developed countries are less severe than those that occur in other geographical areas. Also, it establishes the influence on the severity (number of fatalities) of this kind of incident of certain factors: the type of incident and the type and amount of substance involved. Lastly, the extent to which current facilities comply to the risk tolerance criteria in various countries is evaluated with regards to incidents involving explosions.     

蒽醌类物质经多相类芬顿预处理前后对活性污泥特性的影响

以活性艳蓝与大黄酸为蒽醌类目标污染物,分析了其经多相类芬顿预处理前后的可生化性及对活性污泥胞外聚合物、胞内物质、脱氢酶活性、脲酶活性、微生物群落的影响.Zahn-Wellens试验表明,活性艳蓝与大黄酸不能被活性污泥有效降解,而经过多相类芬顿预处理后,其呼吸曲线均在内源呼吸线以上,去除率分别达到了84.44%和86.72%.加入蒽醌类污染物后,活性污泥胞外聚合物的三维荧光光谱中,酪氨酸蛋白的吸收峰强度降低,胞内物质的红外光谱中氨基峰变宽;而经多相类芬顿预处理后,对活性污泥特性的影响不明显.加入活性艳蓝与大黄酸后,活性污泥脲酶相对活性仍保持在80%以上,但脱氢酶活性出现了降低,特别是加入大黄酸后,相对活性仅为67.5%左右.同时活性污泥的微生物群落发生了变化,Gram Positive分别由原来的40.15%增大到了47.72%和45.78%,而Gram Negative分别由原来的39.57%减少到37%和37.15%.但加入预处理后的蒽醌类污染物,未对活性污泥的微生物群落造成明显影响.     

“气浮-多面球-膜”集成工艺处理微污染湖泊水

采用“气浮-多面球-膜”集成装置处理高藻、低浊、有机物浓度较高的某微污染湖泊水,进行为期3个多月的小试试验,重点关注该集成工艺对有机物和藻类的处理效能。试验结果表明,该工艺能够有效去除有机物和藻类,对浊度、色度、嗅味、COD、氨氮、叶绿素a的平均去除率分别为97.8%、81.7%、71.4%、71.9%、61.4%和94.6%。膜单元对浊度的去除发挥主要作用,对浊度的平均去除率为56.7%。气浮单元对藻类、色度和嗅味的去除均发挥重要作用,对上述3项水质指标的平均去除率分别为73.5%、45.3%和50.1%。气浮和多面球生物处理单元对COD和氨氮的去除均发挥重要作用,气浮单元对COD和氨氮的平均去除率分别为30%、29.5%,多面球生物处理单元对COD和氨氮的平均去除率分别为30.8%、25.2%。