生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选及其对土壤重金属铅的活化作用

结合油平板和血平板方法从重金属8处复合污染的土壤样品中筛选出15株能产生物表面活性剂的细菌菌株,其中J119菌株不仅具有良好的产生物表面活性剂的性能,而且能在含铅、镉浓度分别为100～200 mg·L-1、25～100 mg·L-1的平板中生长.同时对J119菌株所产的生物表面活性剂与3种不同类型化学合成表面活性剂活化土壤中铅的效能进行了比较.结果表明,在400 mg·kg-1铅污染土壤中,J119菌株发酵液与化学合成表面活性剂活化土壤中铅的效果相当;与对照相比,在800 mg·kg-1铅污染土壤中,J119菌株发酵液处理使土壤中有效性铅的浓度增加51.1%,而3种化学合成表面活性剂CTAB、SDS、Tween-80处理土壤中有效态铅浓度仅比对照增加28.7%、26.2%和16.0%.另外,J119菌株产生的生物表面活性剂与供试3种化学合成表面活性剂对土壤中铅的活化作用之间存在显著差异.     

Mass balance of anionic surfactants through up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket based sewage treatment plants

The outcome of a 21-month monitoring study on anionic surfactants (AS) at five (27–70 ML/d) up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) based sewage treatment plants (STPs) is described. The average removals of AS were around 8–30%. Appreciable concentrations of AS were being discharged to the watercourse (average 4.30 mg/L; range 3.60–4.91 mg/L). On an average dried sludge contained 1452 mg AS/kg dry weight. Mass balance at three STPs indicated that, AS load of the order of 5–17% and ≈12% is removed by adsorption in UASB reactors and polishing ponds (PP) respectively. Biodegradation of AS under anaerobic conditions in UASB reactors and PP does not seem to take place. In the sludge stream, appreciable biodegradation (≈46%) of adsorbed AS under aerobic conditions on the sludge drying beds takes place. If influent AS mass flux is normalized to 100 units, than average of ≈74 and ≈7 units are discharged with treated effluent and dried sludge respectively, while 12 and 6 units are adsorbed/settled in PP and aerobically biodegrade on sludge drying beds respectively. At two STPs (34 and 56 ML/d), the filterable fluxes in UASBR increased so that the mass balance could not be computed.     

氨基酸双子表面活性剂复配增溶PCE性能研究

利用氨基酸双子表面活性剂N,N'-双月桂酰基乙二胺二丙酸钠（DLMC）及其复配体系来提高四氯乙烯（PCE）在地下水中的溶解性,强化去除效果.测定了DLMC的初级生物降解性并将其与短链醇（异丙醇IPA,乙醇）和传统表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）,辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚（TX-100）和聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单油酸酯（Tween80）复配.结果表明,DLMC的生物降解度超过99%,具备良好的生物降解性;筛选出DLMC-IPA （1：4）和DLMC-Tween80（1：1）两个PCE污染柱冲洗剂配方,40g/L作用浓度下其增溶浓度分别为18329,16906mg/L;DLMC-Tween80（1：1）对PCE污染柱的冲洗效果最好,冲洗效率为9.87（g PCE/L冲洗液）,较DLMC单体系提升16%.     

表面活性剂修饰氧化铋形貌及其超声降解性能研究

本实验分别用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)以及两种表面活性剂耦合进行修饰氧化铋形貌,并对修饰后的样品进行XRD、EDS、XPS、SEM等表征分析;同时探讨了表面活性剂修饰后的氧化铋在超声作用下对直接大红的最佳投加量和降解性能.结果表明:催化剂的最佳投加量为75 mg,最佳降解性能的样品为阴阳离子表面活性剂耦合修饰的氧化铋;当催化剂投加量为75 mg、初始浓度为10 mg·L-1、超声频率为45 k Hz、功率为100 W时,表面活性剂SDBS与CTAB在比例为1∶1耦合时修饰的氧化铋在20 min内对直接大红的总去除率达到99.4%,比空白实验提高16倍多.     

pH及表面活性剂对诺氟沙星在海洋沉积物上吸附行为的影响

采用批量平衡法系统考察了pH值和4种表面活性剂对诺氟沙星在海洋沉积物上吸附行为的影响.结果表明,不同pH值下,诺氟沙星在海洋沉积物上的吸附行为均可以较好地用Freundlich等温式拟合.Freundlich常数KF与诺氟沙星的平衡吸附量均随pH值的增大而减小,且在pH值为8.10时,出现最小值;研究发现,pH值为6.01时,诺氟沙星以阳离子交换为主要机制吸附在海洋沉积物上;pH值为8.10时,诺氟沙星在海洋沉积物中的吸附以范德华力、疏水作用、静电作用为主.加入表面活性剂后,其吸附行为能较好地用吸附二级动力学方程拟合.加入表面活性剂对诺氟沙星的平衡吸附量Qe有影响,饱和吸附量Qe由小到大依次为:Qe(Tween80)相似文献   

渤海油气区周边海域PFASs的赋存特征与来源

为了解我国海上油田区域附近PFASs(多氟或全氟化合物)污染状况,本文针对我国渤海油田区所在海域采集了92个海水样品,并对其中19种PFASs及其新型替代品的含量进行了分析。结果表明,渤海油气区周边海水中总PFASs浓度范围为9.33~113ng/L,与中国其他海域相比,渤海油田区周边海水中总PFASs含量较高。传统PFASs中,全氟辛酸(PFOA)是大部分样品中的主要PFASs。新型替代品中,六氟环氧丙烷二聚酸(HFPO-DA)的浓度相对较高,浓度中位数为1.82ng/L,而在所有样品中6:2氯代多氟醚磺酸(6:2Cl-PFESA)均未检出。从区域分布来看,总PFASs浓度较高的油田位于渤海西部。总PFASs含量与离岸距离等影响因素相关性分析表明,渤海油气区附近海水中总PFASs含量与离岸距离显著相关,说明陆源是渤海油气区中PFASs污染的主要来源。     

The “Short Cut” Approach for the Reality of Enhanced Groundwater Contamination

Based on the reality of (a) soil heterogeneity in the vadose zone, (b) enhanced desorption from soil and solubility in water of water insoluble contaminants in the presence of surfactants, and (c) wetting/drying cycles of groundwater recharge (a major cause of fractures formation), a coherent “short-cut” conceptual approach is advanced to account for enhanced groundwater contamination. This is an attempt to close the gap between theory, lab simulations and conventional modelling-based predictions, and observed higher concentrations and more rapid arrival times of contaminants reaching groundwater. Recent data concerning chloride ion and non-ionic surfactants concentrations in aquifers and groundwater wells, combined with previous results concerning the concentrations of tritium, chlorides, metals, organic hydrocarbons and surfactants in the unsaturated and saturated zones of Israel's aquifers, are accounted for in terms of the “short-cut” approach. The contradiction between predictions of groundwater contamination made with conventional, deterministic, homogeneous models and the actual observed behavior of contaminants in soils and aquifers is thus explaind. The “short cut” approach should not be perceived as a better type of model to guide modelling. Rather, it is a proposal for a conceptual change from the realistically invalid, but commonly accepted, conventional “buffer-protective soil/long-term groundwater contamination” to the “short cut” conceptual model to explain the enhanced groundwater contamination actually observed. Although the validity of the proposed approach is strongly supported by the data here presented for the case of Israel (serving as an illustrative case study), selected results and conclusions drawn from studies conducted worldwide suggest its general applicability and usefulness. A major conclusion evolved from the “short-cut” conceptual model is that contemporary groundwater management policies, based on the current perception of groundwater contamination processes and their modelling, may result in an irreversible detrimental effect on the environmental situation in the long run. In any case, prevention, rather than correction/remediation, is strongly recommended as the strategy of choice for rational long-term management of groundwater resources.     

亚甲蓝比色法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂的方法探讨

采用亚甲蓝比色法测定水中阴离子洗涤剂是目前较为简便、迅速、准确可靠又经济的测定方法。样品经中速定性滤纸过滤除去悬浮物后，加入酚酞试剂经酸碱中和后直接加入亚甲蓝显色液，用三氯甲烷分次萃取，该实验相对偏差，工作曲线、相关系数均达到了方法所规定的要求。     

有机物料及表面活性剂对植物修复菲污染土壤的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了外源有机物料及表面活性剂加入菲污染土壤后黑麦草对土壤中菲的修复作用.结果表明,有机物料(绿肥和猪粪堆肥)施入土壤后,黑麦草地上部和地下部的生物量比对照增加了13.54～24.18%,而表面活性剂(T80、SDS、CTAB)的加入却降低了黑麦草的生物量;结果还显示,有机物料和表面活性剂加入都可以提高植株体内菲的含量,但植株吸收积累菲的量占土壤菲总损失量的比例不足0.1%.本研究表明,植物从土壤中吸收菲不是植物修复菲污染土壤的主要机制.     

改性粉煤灰处理含阳离子表面活性剂废水的研究

以粉煤灰作为吸附剂 ,研究了含阳离子表面活性剂CTMAB为 2 0～ 12 0mg L的模拟废水去除CTMAB的一般规律。研究结果表明 ,以CaO为改性剂改性的粉煤灰对含阳离子表面活性剂废水具有良好的吸附性能 ,在含CTMAB浓度为 2 0～ 12 0mg L ,改性粉煤灰用量每 2 0 0mL为 2 0～ 2 5g,粒径范围 2 0 0～ 180目 ,pH为 12～ 13的实验条件下 ,CTMAB的去除率最高可达 98%以上