CHANGING THE APPROPRIATION DOCTRINE UNDER THE MODEL STATE WATER CODE1

ABSTRACT: The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Model State Water Code provides suggested statutory language and commentary helpful in guiding western water law reform. Departing from the past preference for stream diversions and consumptive uses, the code is sensitive to the public's interest in maintaining environmental quality. The traditional doctrine protected inefficient uses and in some states hampered transfers. The model code addresses these issues as well as advocating integrated manage. meat and water resource planning. The debate on how to reform water law has already started, and the model code provides material useful in the reform process. Even with the current draft code, a few gaps exist for later resolution.     

JUDICIAL RESOLUTION OF TRANSBOUNDARY WATER CONFLICTS 1

ABSTRACT: Transboundary water conflicts occur under four circumstances. Because water is mobile, more than one political unit or owner has power to use water as it sequentially moves through the hydrologic cycle. Even when water doesn't move, jurisdictional conflicts occur because multiple political units regulate water simultaneously. When a river is a boundar uncertainty of ownership or jurisdiction occurs as the river shifts its course through natural processes. Lastly, limitations on who may use water may be imposed by export bans or more indirect measures like taxation. Legal solutions to transboundary conflicts are limited to litigation, legislation, and negotiated agreements. This paper examines the judicial solution.     

石油污染法和地面油罐的法规

译文叙述了地面和地下储油罐对环境影响的差异、美国环保局（EPA）对此的有关规定、石油污染法、全国污染物排除控制系统（NPDES）等。最后介绍地面油罐法规具体内容。     

INFLUENCING WATER LEGISLATWE DEVELOPMENT WHAT TO DO AND WHAT TO AVOID1

ABSTRACT: Whomever would affect water policy development must influence the water legislative process. This paper discusses in the context of the Model State Water Allocation Code the following ten ideas about doing that: (1) seek the right timing for enactment; (2) set modest goals; (3) prepare a well-drafted proposal; (4) recognize diversity by offering legislative choices; (5) consider the impacts of adoption; (6) make alliances; (7) respect executive influence; (8) become involved in legislative interaction; (9) be flexible; and (10) persist. Heeding these ideas, although not guaranteeing enactment, is sure to be educational for participants and useful to legislators.     

应用事故致因理论，研究事故预防对策──关于防止铁路机车车辆伤害事故的探讨

应用事故致因理论，探讨机车车辆伤害事故的本质，研究机车车辆伤害事故的发生规律及成因模型，提出预防机车车辆伤害事故的对策。     

THE ROLE OF ADVISORY BOARDS IN A WATER MANAGEMENT AGENCY1

ABSTRACT: Since Saskatchewan assumed the responsibility for managing the Province's water resources in 1930, the importance of the Province's water resources has been recognized by assigning the responsibility for managing the resource to higher levels in the government structure. With such recognition, there tended to be an overlapping of responsibilities that resulted in undefined areas of jurisdiction and duplication of services. Also, there was no opportunity for direct public participation in the management structure. These deficiencies were recognized, and following a series of public hearings a “Cabinet Committee on Water Concerns” in 1983 concluded that the most appropriate government structure for managing the water resources of Saskatchewan would be a Crown corporation. As a result, in 1984 the Saskatchewan Water Corporation was formed and given the responsibility to manage, administer, develop, control, and protect the water and related land resources in Saskatchewan. An important aspect of this responsibility was that the corporation should initiate a process of public involvement. Thus, six “Regional Watershed Advisory Boards” were established. The Advisory Boards provide the Corporation with a linkage to the general public by providing advice, participating in policy revision and development, and assisting Corporation staff in other related water management activities.     

TRANSITIONS IN MIDWESTERN GROUND WATER LAW1

ABSTRACT: The evolution of ground-water law in eight states in the Midwest (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin) is examined, and a review of transitions in ground-water doctrines is presented. Two underlying themes in changing ground-water management are communicated. First, ground-water law is evolving from private property rules of capture based on the absolute ownership doctrines to rules requiring conservation and sharing of ground water as a public resource. Second, in both courts and state legislatures, a proactive role of ground-water management is emerging, again, with an emphasis on sharing. Both of these trends are apparent in the Midwest. In the last decade midwestern states have (1) seen significant shifts in court decisions on ground-water use with greater recognition of the reciprocal or mutually dependent nature of ground-water rights, and (2) seen increased legislative development of comprehensive ground-water management statutes that emphasize the reciprocal liabilities of ground-water use. These trends are examined and ground-water management programs discussed for eight states in the Midwest.     

县（市）环保执法的现状与对策

概述了目前县（市）环保执法中存在的问题，提出了加强县（市）环保执法的对策。     

论我国矿业环境保护法律制度

环境保护是矿区生态协调稳定和资源可持续利用的重要保证。由于矿山环境问题十分严重,且现行的矿业环境法律体制不健全,产权不明晰,法律制度不完善,使法难以有效实施。对此,本文提出应确立良好的产权制度,严格矿业权许可,强化市场在环境保护中的作用,加强行政引导和调控机制,完善相关的法律制度。     

全球变暖 夏季变凉

气候变化历来为人类所重视。近几十年来频繁而强烈的气候异常 ,已使人们认识到超极限地使用自然资源和气候资源、无所顾忌地排放各种污染物给人类带来的灾难。文章在总结、分析前人对未来气候变化的各种理论的基础上 ,根据影响气候的各因子及反馈关系的研究 ,提出未来世界气候变化的总体趋势是 :全球变暖 ,夏季变凉 ,气候异常将更加剧烈和频繁