流域管理机构:国际比较分析及对我国的建议

流域管理是国际上比较普遍采用的水资源管理方法。我国2002年的水法从法律角度确定了流域管理的法律地位。出于区域开发要求或水资源压力而成立的流域管理机构,可选择水资源理事会、流域委员会和流域管理局的形式,其职能可能包括数据收集和处理、规划、资源和环境管理、运行与维护、监督等职能。但在不同社会经济发展水平和政治体制下,特别是不同的水资源问题下,流域管理机构设置仍然有较大的差别。即使如此,高效的流域管理机构必须职能清晰。我国流域间差异大,流域水资源问题多样,在区域管理较强的传统下,流域管理机构需要协调与区域管理的关系,清晰职能,进行内部机构改革,以逐步建立符合我国国情、权利和责任统一、高效的流域管理机构。     

关于个体,私营企业环境管理问题的探讨

通过对目前广州市个体、私营企业环境管理状况的深入分析,提出加强个体,私营企业管理的具体办法及对策。     

A model for tropospheric multiphase chemistry: application to one cloudy event during the CIME experiment

A multiphase box model for a remote environment of the troposphere has been developed with an explicit chemistry for both gas and aqueous phase. The model applied to a set of measurements performed by Voisin et al. (2000) during the European CIME experiment for a cloud event on 13th December 1997 at the top of the Puy de Dôme (France). The results of the simulation are compared to the measurements in order to follow the evolution of the ambient chemical composition as a function of the pH and of the varying water content. After verifying that the model retrieves the main features observed in the behavior of species in the cloud droplets, a detailed analysis of the simulated chemical regime is performed. It essentially discusses the sources and sinks of radical in aqueous phase, the relative importance of the oxidation pathways of volatile organic compounds by the main radicals and the conversion of S(IV) into S(VI) which seems to be influenced by the presence of peroxonitric acid, HNO₄, in aqueous phase in the environmental conditions that are considered with low H₂O₂. These numerical results are then compared with the theoretical study from Herrmann et al. (2000), who proposed a slightly different mechanism, including C2 chemistry and transition metal chemistry whereas they neglect some reaction pathways, such as the one involving OHCH₂O₂ radical. This double confrontation between model results and both real experimental data and numerical results from Herrmann et al. (1999c) underlines limitations of such modeling approach that does not include any dynamical or microphysical coupling but also demonstrates its capability to identify the main oxidants or reactants in aqueous phase in real environmental conditions more realistic than a purely theoretical approach. The originality of this study resides in the explicit and exhaustive ways the chemical reactions are treated in aqueous phase and in a first attempt to compare such a detailed chemical scheme to real environmental conditions.     

我国绿色轮胎的发展现状

介绍了欧盟颁布的《关于化学品注册、评估、许可和限制法规》（REACH法规）以及轮胎标签法等有关绿色轮胎的法规及实施情况。从轮胎设计及对原辅材料的选用等方面概括了绿色轮胎的主要技术要求。综述了我国绿色轮胎的发展现状。对我国绿色轮胎的发展提出了提高行业整体工艺水平、产品升级换代、制定相关标准、自愿进行绿色轮胎认证等建议。     

法治国家和风险社会理念下的环境治理机制

面对现代环境问题,我国环境治理需要以法治国家和风险社会理念为基础进一步完善。法治国家要求立法、行政与司法的长期稳定、系统有效运作,而风险管理需要以科学技术进步为基础,对风险有及时认知和科学评估,两方面都是人类社会可持续发展的理念支撑。现代环境行政法首先强化了直接行政监管,不断加强对私权干涉的程度,而且扩展了现代环境规划制度,还创新了环境影响评估制度,同时针对现代环境问题的源头:经济上的外部性,针对性采取多种经济手段。此外在风险沟通和信息公开以及加强程序性权利上,公众参与制度进一步得到细化。这些环境治理行政手段既继承了国家传统行政机制,又都基于法治国家与风险管理理念予以补充,以更有效地、针对性地实现现代环境保护。     

大数据在移动执法中的应用

移动执法系统是近年来部分地区用于现场执法的信息化系统。它在为现场执法提供便利的同时,亦收集了大量的一线原始数据。利用大数据,对移动执法系统积累的数据进行汇总、分析和加工,有利于提高环境监管执法的精准度。本文简要介绍了全国环境监察移动执法系统建设现状,提出了目前利用大数据在移动执法中的典型应用,并展望了未来的发展方向。     

Human rights and proactive displacement: determining the appropriate balance between the duty to protect and the right to remain

The proactive displacement by public authorities of populations from areas perceived to be exposed to a high risk of disaster presents complex human rights challenges. Provided that no ulterior motive is at play, the use of compulsory evacuations and relocations as policy responses to such risk is mandated by the duty to protect the right to life. However, proactive displacement in the interest of saving lives can be problematic as such measures can lead to the limitation of other human rights, resulting in an intricate assessment of whether compulsory evacuation or permanent relocation is proportional in any given circumstance. Such an analysis demands critical attention by public authorities to the perception of the disaster risk in question and problematises claims to objectivity of official risk assessments. Furthermore, it poses the question as to whether measures designed to address the disaster risk in question that are less intrusive than relocation may be available to public authorities.     

An examination of the efficacy of the precautionary principle as a robust environmental planning and management protocol

The precautionary principle is regularly cited in cases that involve development in eco-sensitive locations. We investigated whether the precautionary principle provides the basis for a coherent framework to prevent environmental harm, and does it work in practice? We suggest that, in principle, the precautionary principle makes good sense. In practice, however, it is imprecise in policy and law and fails to fulfil its promise because it is loosely defined and thus lacks substance and clarity. Consequently, it operates in a framework that is ambiguous, leaving it open to manipulation by discretionary powers. To counter such deficiencies, human-induced environmental harm should be formally observed as ‘criminogenic’ and environmental protection prioritised against which other competing priorities (e.g., ‘year on year’ economic growth) are measured. This would overcome the politico-legal obfuscation and contestations of climate change policy that currently impedes the precautionary principle's practical application.     

企业自行监测信息在环境执法中的应用探讨

随着我国对于环境保护工作越来越重视,社会公众也越来越关注企业造成的环境污染问题,企业与政府有关部门的环境执法矛盾逐渐凸显出来。与政府有关部门的工作人员数量相比,存在废水、废气、固废排放现象的企业数量是庞大的,仅靠政府的环境执法明显力量不足,不能有效提高环境污染治理和资源保护的效果。企业自行监测是企业自觉遵守环境相关法律的重要行为,自行监测所得的信息也是政府环境执法的重要基础,本文从企业自行监测入手,分析企业自行监测工作存在的主要问题,探讨企业自行监测信息在环境执法中的应用方式和问题的主要对策,希望可以推动企业在环境执法中的参与度。     

新时期基层环境监察执法理念转变的探讨

通过对广元市环境监察执法工作从传统环境监察执法向新时期环境监察执法转变的思考,认识到新时期基层环境监察执法应从接受新思想、新事物、新监察手段、新执法范围和新执法模式上转变,使新的执法理念满足新时期经济发展要求。