Objective: A zero tolerance alcohol restriction law was adopted in Brazil in 2008. In order to assess the effectiveness of this intervention, the present study compares specific mortality in 2 time series: 1980–2007 and 2008–2013.
Methods: Data on mortality and population were gathered from official Brazilian Ministry of Health information systems. Segmented regression analyses were carried out separately for 3 major Brazilian capitals: Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo.
Results: In 2 cities (Belo Horizonte and Rio de Janeiro) there were no significant changes in mortality rate trends in 2 periods, 1980 to 2007 and 2008 to 2013, where the observed rates did not differ significantly from predicted rates. In São Paulo, a decreasing trend until 2007 unexpectedly assumed higher levels after implementation of the law.
Conclusion: There is no evidence of reduced traffic-related mortality in the 3 major Brazilian capitals 5.5 years after the zero tolerance drinking and driving law was adopted. 相似文献
Institutions are the rules and norms that guide societal behavior. As societies evolve—with more diverse economies, increased
populations and incomes, and more water scarcity—new and more complex water management institutions need to be developed.
This evolution of water management institutions may also be observed across different constituencies, with different societal
needs, in the same time period. The Red River of the North basin is particularly well suited for research on water management
issues. A key feature of water management in the Red River Basin is the presence of three completely different sets of water
law. Minnesota’s water law is based upon riparian rights. North Dakota’s water law is based upon prior appropriation. Manitoba
has a system of water allocation that features provincial control. Because the basin is fairly homogeneous in terms of land
use and geographic features, its institutional diversity makes this an excellent case study for the analysis of local water
institutions. This article reviews the local water management institutions in the Red River Basin and assesses the ongoing
institutional evolution of local water management. 相似文献