现代生态理论及技术在城市生态规划中的应用途径

生态城市建设使城市生态规划逐步成为全球城市研究的热点。本文在对城市生态规划的概念厦研究进展厦主要研究内容进行简要论述的基础上，对目前国际上比较流行的生态安全格局理论、生态足迹理论、生态系统健康理论等现代生态理论，以及遥感和地理信息系统技术等先进技术在城市生态规划研究中的应用途径进行了论述。     

淮河流域旱涝易发区农田的陆气相互作用——CO2通量、能量交换和水汽输送的季节变化特征

利用淮河流域旱涝易发区的安徽省寿县农田下垫面陆气相互作用观测试验资料,重点分析观测期内CO2通量、能量交换和水汽输送的季节变化,并讨论了与此有关的辐射分量通量、下垫面反射率、波恩比、能量闭合守恒、土壤温度和土壤湿度的季节变化.结果表明CO2通量、能量分配受地表农作物长势影响明显,其中,水稻灌浆、成熟期,被稻田吸收的CO2通量最大可超过2 mg·m-2·s-1,潜热通量达到正的极大值.稻田光合作用最旺盛时期吸收的CO2通量和释放的潜热通量均大于小麦田光合作用最旺盛时期的对应量.较大土壤热通量对应于较低的土壤水含量.试验观测期的下垫面平均反射率为0.14.作物生长期,稻田表面潜热是下垫面吸收能量的主要消费者,小麦田表面潜热和感热相当.能量闭合率ε的变化范围为0.4～1.     

提高天津市安全生产水平对策研究

根据对天津市2000—2004年工伤事故分析和研究,总结出的天津市工伤事故的规律和特点,以及事故致因的有关理论,提出对策研究的总体思路,并对照天津市及其重点行业的经济发展状况及安全监管的现状,提出了从总体上控制天津市工伤事故、不断提高安全生产水平的对策,即加强安全生产监管体系的建设、建立自律与激励机制、从制度上解决企业安全费用投入不足的问题、加大对重大危险源的监控以期杜绝特大事故的发生、尽快建立安全应急救援体系、加强事故管理、完善地方安全法规的建设使监管做到有法可依、强化安全检查等8项措施。     

涉外企业的货币经营风险管理

结合涉外企业投入与产出所处市场的分割程度或一体化程度,分析了当地企业、进口企业、出口企业或全球经营企业所面临的货币经营风险;对计量涉外企业货币经营风险的方法进行比较,认为管理层估计法对于计量货币经营风险以及制定相应的竞争对策有着重要作用;分别从金融性套期保值、经营性套期保值和营销策略等视角讨论货币经营风险的管理。笔者认为:金融性套期保值通过锁定涉外企业的外币现金流出或流入,可部分抵消涉外企业的货币经营风险暴露;经营性套期保值通过调整企业的经营业务并尽可能多地增加经营现金流,可从根本上提高涉外企业适应汇率变化的能力;通过影响涉外企业及其竞争对手所处的经营环境,营销策略有助于降低涉外企业的货币经营风险暴露。     

生物净化挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的研究进展

有机废气中大多含有低浓度的苯、甲苯、苯乙烯、多环芳烃等挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)。这类挥发性有机化合物会对人体健康和生态环境造成危害。治理VOCs污染是大气污染治理的重要部分。生物法处理有机废气具有运行费用低、没有二次污染等优点。常用的生物处理技术主要有生物过滤池、生物滴滤池和生物洗涤塔。20世纪80年代生物法在欧洲得到快速发展,我国于90年代以后也开始了生物处理VOCs废气的研究,并取得了一定的成就。     

Rapid amino acid cycling in arctic and antarctic soils

Amino acids constitute one of the largest inputs of organic nitrogen (N) to most polar soils and have been hypothesized to be important in regulating vegetational succession and productivity in Arctic ecosystems. Our understanding of amino acid cycling in these soils, however, is poor. The aim of this study was to investigate the size and rate of turnover of the amino acid pool in a range of Arctic and Antarctic soils. Our results indicate that in polar soils with either high or low ornithogenic inputs the amino acid pool is small in comparison to the inorganic N pool (NO^–₃ and NH⁺₄). The free amino acid pool constituted only a small proportion of the total dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) pool in these soils. Here we show that these low concentrations may be due to rapid use by the soil microbial community in both Arctic and Antarctic soils. The turnover of the amino acid pool in soil was extremely rapid, with a half-life ranging from 2 to 24 h, indicating that this N pool can be turned over many hundred times each summer when polar soils are frequently unfrozen. The implications of amino acids in N cycling and plant and microbial nutrition are discussed.     

Impact of Land Use on Soluble Organic Nitrogen in Soil

Although it has been hypothesized that soluble organic nitrogen (SON) plays a central role in regulating productivity in some terrestrial ecosystems, the factors controlling the size of the SON pool in soil remain poorly understood. Therefore our principal aim in this work was to assess the impact of seven different land use systems (rough and managed grassland, deciduous and coniferous woodland, heathland, wetland and tilled land) on the size of the SON and inorganic N (NO ₃ ^– , NH ₄ ⁺ ) pools in the surface soil layer (0–15 cm). After extraction with deionised water, we found that in most cases the size of the water extractable organic N (WEON) pool was similar in size to the inorganic N pool. In contrast, the KCl extractable organic N (KClEON) pool constituted the dominant form of soluble N in soils under all land uses, perhaps indicating that significant amounts were held on the soil exchange phase. In contrast to inorganic N, which varied significantly with land use, the size of the KClEON and WEON pool was similar for all land uses with the exception of KClEON in tilled land, where significantly lower amounts were observed. We conclude that SON constitutes an important soil N pool in a broad range of land uses, and that its role in microbial N assimilation, plant nutrition and ecosystem responses to atmospheric N deposition warrants further attention. SAFRD, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K.     

新疆草地资源特征与生态治理

从新疆草地资源发生条件分析其多样性,对草地退化进行了生态分析,提出了草地生态恢复的生态置换理论与实施方案。     

改进型石灰混凝法去除城市污水二级出水中有机物的研究

将石灰混凝处理后的沉淀泥渣进行回流，对石灰混凝法进行改进，研究改进后的石灰混凝法对城市污水二级出水中有机物的去除效果。结果表明，活性泥渣回流有利于提高石灰混凝法对城市污水二级出水中有机物的去除。回流位置在石灰投加前、复合絮凝剂投加后，最佳回流量为新泥渣产生量的100％～200％，活性泥渣回流的最佳pH为11．0～11．5；活性泥渣中CaCO3、Mg(OH)2、Fe(OH)3等沉淀物以及有机高分子絮体均有助于提高其对有机物的去除效果，其中Mg(OH)2沉淀物起主导作用；含循环泥渣的活性污泥回流，对有机物的去除效果无明显影响。     

The Ethical Contract as a Tool in Organic Animal Husbandry

This article explores what an ethicfor organic animal husbandry might look like,departing from the assumption that organicfarming is substantially based in ecocentricethics. We argue that farm animals arenecessary functional partners in sustainableagroecosystems. This opens up additional waysto argue for their moral standing. We suggestan ethical contract to be used as acomplementary to the ecocentric framework. Weexpound the content of the contract and end bysuggesting how to apply this contract inpractice. The contract enjoins us to share thewealth created in the agroecosystem (by ourjoint contributions) by enjoining us to carefor the welfare and needs of the individualanimal, and to protect them from exploitation(just as human co-workers should not beexploited). The contract makes promoting goodanimal welfare a necessary condition forbenefiting farm animals. Animals for their partare guaranteed coverage under the contract solong as they continue to contribute to thesystem with products and services.