有机磷农药的残留、毒性及前景展望

有机磷农药自问世到现在已有70年的历史。因为它的高效、快速、广谱等特点，一直在农药中占有很重要的位置，对世界农业的发展起了很重要的作用。但随着它的不断使用，也暴露出了很多问题，如高残留、毒性强等，尤其在环保意识日益增强的今天，其暴露的问题引起了人们的高度重视。文章主要对有机磷农药的残留、毒性作了初步的分析，指出尽快开发替代产品是今后使用有机磷农药的方向。     

南京市大气中挥发性有机物污染的研究

1　IntroductionVolatileorganiccompounds (VOCs)areimportantairpollutantsintheurbanatmosphere .SomeVOCsaretoxicandpotentiallycarcinogenic.ExposuretoVOCsisofconcernasitmayresultinsignificantrisktohumanhealth .AmbientVOCsareemittedfromvariousurban ,industrial…     

分子连接性指数对部分有机污染物溶解度及疏水参数的预测

以化学键为基础定义了键连接性指数和分子键连接性指数，分子键连接性指数与卤代烷、环烷烃、烷基苯和含氧原子醇、酮、醚及卤代苯等有机污染物的溶解度和辛醇／水分配系数都具有良好的线性关系，使用该模型对化合物的溶解度及疏水参数的估算结果接近实验值，能很好地反映有机化合物的结构特性，可应用于不饱和碳氢体系和各类杂原子体系，且具有良好的预测能力。     

表面活性剂对可离子化有机化合物在黄土中吸附行为的影响

研究了2，4-二氯苯酚、2，4-二硝基苯酚和苯甲酸三种可离子化有机化合物在天然黄土和阳离子表面活性剂改性黄土中的吸附行为。讨论了DH值、离子强度和二价重金属阳离子对可离子化有机化合物在改性黄土中吸附的影响。提出了可离子化有机化合物在改性黄土中的吸附模型，吸附等温曲线可分解为两条分别代表离子和非离子形态的等温吸附曲线；其吸附行为可用双模式吸附理论来解释。在2，4-二硝基苯酚共存时，苯甲酸在改性黄土中的吸附量减小，证明竞争吸附的存在。     

Metals and organic pollutants in snow surrounding an iron factory

To estimate air pollution snow samples were collected in March 2001 at six sites in the vicinity of the Kostomuksha factory in Karelia. Seventy-two chemical elements and more than 200 individual organic compounds were identified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was found that the levels of Li, B, Al, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Hg, Mn, Mo as well as hydrocarbons, phthalates and phenols exceeded the existing maximum allowable concentrations. A list of toxicants emitted with the factory exhausts and a list of priority pollutants for Kostomuksha were compiled. The impact of the exhausts of the Kostomuksha factory on the environment in Finland is relatively small. Electronic Publication     

Mass balance modeling of arsenic processes in cropland soils

This study delineated the mathematical forms for the reactions involved in the mass balance of As in cropland soils. Even mathematically simplified, many model parameters are required to define the reactive processes involved. Example simulations were conducted based on the range of parameter values and initial conditions derived from published literature. The outcomes showed that the As inputs due to fertilizers and irrigation water caused total As content of the root zone to gradually increase over time. The plant uptake and leaching were equally important as pathways for removal of the added As. In turn, the dissolution kinetics of the mineral phase and the distribution coefficient of the adsorbed phase affected the availability of the As for plant uptake and leaching. Parameters based on laboratory-derived data on the dissolution of As mineral phase, mineralization and oxidation of As(III), and the As plant uptake however appeared to overestimate the As transformations in soils. While the development of mathematical model was a straightforward process, its application to realistic situations was hindered by difficulties of defining model parameter values with confidence. Current knowledge on the processes and reactions of As transformation in the soil–plant system is inadequate to calibrate or validate the model. Studies are needed to understand the kinetics of soil As mineral dissolution and precipitation and the dynamics of root growth and As uptake by plant in soils.     

Monitoring of waste deposit derived groundwater contamination with organic tracers

Specific anthropogenic substances derived from seepage and leakage water from a waste deposit landfill were analysed in groundwater and drainage effluents using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Here, we demonstrate the application of an organic marker approach to study lateral and vertical distribution of contamination as well as the long-term emission behaviour. Source-specific and environmentally-stable pesticides, plasticisers and pharmaceuticals, such as N,N-diethyl toluamide, N-butyl benzene sulfonamide, clofibric acid, mecoprop and bisphenol A, were quantitatively analysed. A distinct lateral expansion was detected. Although temporal variations were high, no significant trend was observed.     

生物膜法降解甲苯废气过程的探讨

采用陶粒为填料的生物滤池降解甲苯废气，并对清水试验和生物膜试验的结果进行分析，发现生物膜法降解甲苯这样的挥发性有机物（VOCs)具有良好的效果，已不再是清水试验中单纯的物理吸收过程，而是伴有生化反应的吸收过程，是以气膜控制为主的传质过程。     

海洋酸化与重金属、有机污染物和人工纳米颗粒的联合毒性效应研究进展

由于大量人类活动的影响,大气CO_2浓度持续增加,其中约1/3被海洋吸收,导致表层海水pH值降低和碳酸盐平衡体系波动,即"海洋酸化"现象。污染物的海洋环境效应一直是全球环境科学领域研究的热点。在实际环境中,海洋酸化往往与污染物共同存在并作用于海洋生态系统,且海洋酸化极有可能改变污染物的海洋环境行为从而影响其毒性效应。但现有研究大多针对海洋酸化或者污染物单独作用下的毒性效应展开,对海洋酸化与污染物的联合毒性效应的研究不足、亟待加强。为此,综述了近年来海洋酸化与典型污染物(重金属、有机污染物)及新型污染物(人工纳米颗粒)的相关文献,重点阐述了海洋酸化对污染物环境行为的影响和海洋酸化与污染物对海洋生物的联合毒性效应,指出当前的研究不足,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

有机农业与常规农业对农田生物多样性影响的比较研究进展

一些研究者认为,有机农业不仅在理念上而且在实践上,都有助于促进农田生物多样性的维持和保护.为了促进我国科学界对有机农业与农田生物多样性关联性研究的关注,综述了有机农业对农田生态系统内杂草、地表节肢动物、土壤生物以及鸟类等不同生物类群种类、数量及其多样性的影响.