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51.
A reproductive-health knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) survey was carried out among 468 Afghan women of reproductive age. A convenience sample of women was selected from attendees in the outpatient departments of four health facilities in Kabul. Seventy-nine per cent of respondents had attended at least one antenatal consultation during their last pregnancy. Two-thirds (67 per cent) delivered their first child between 13 and 19 years. The Caesarean-section rate was low (1.6 per cent). Two-thirds (67 per cent) of deliveries occurred in the home. The contraceptive prevalence rate was 23 per cent (16 per cent modern and 7 per cent natural methods). Twenty-four per cent had knowledge of any STIs, although most of these women did not know correctly how to prevent them. Most of the women (93 per cent) needed authorization from their husband or a male relative before seeking professional health-care. In multivariate analysis, women's schooling was significantly associated with antenatal-care attendance (AOR 4.78), institutional delivery (AOR 2.29), skilled attendance at birth (AOR 2.07) and use of family planning (AOR 4.59). Reproductive-health indicators were noted to be poor even among these women living in Kabul, a group often considered to be the most privileged. To meet the reproductive-health needs of Afghan women, the socio-cultural aspects of their situation--especially their decision-making abilities -- will need to be addressed. A long-standing commitment from agencies and donors is required, in which the education of women should be placed as a cornerstone of the reconstruction process of Afghanistan. 相似文献
52.
Hezri AA 《Journal of environmental management》2004,73(4):1385-371
Formulation of effective sustainability indicators for national assessment demands a comprehensive understanding of the utilisation, diffusion and dissemination of information in policy processes. To illustrate the dynamic of sustainability assessment within the context of policy processes, this paper uses a case study of national sustainability indicators development in Malaysia. Subsequently, this paper ascribes the limited achievement of national sustainability assessment in Malaysia to four types of constraints: meta-policy issues; technical capacities; communication concerns; and the inherent knowledge gaps within the indicator developer community vis-a-vis their theoretical limitations. It is proposed that such constraints will be encountered in many countries. Drawing from the literature on public policy, this paper outlines a framework for investigating indicator behaviour within policy processes based on well-established concepts such as knowledge utilisation and policy learning. I conclude this paper by elaborating on the corresponding future challenges that must be addressed before effective integration of sustainability indicators within policy systems can occur. 相似文献
53.
This paper describes an application of multiple criteria analysis (MCA) in assessing criteria and indicators adapted for a
particular forest management unit. The methods include: ranking, rating, and pairwise comparisons. These methods were used
in a participatory decision-making environment where a team representing various stakeholders and professionals used their
expert opinions and judgements in assessing different criteria and indicators (C&I) on the one hand, and how suitable and
applicable they are to a forest management unit on the other. A forest concession located in Kalimantan, Indonesia, was used
as the site for the case study. Results from the study show that the multicriteria methods are effective tools that can be
used as structured decision aids to evaluate, prioritize, and select sets of C&I for a particular forest management unit.
Ranking and rating approaches can be used as a screening tool to develop an initial list of C&I. Pairwise comparison, on the
other hand, can be used as a finer filter to further reduce the list. In addition to using these three MCA methods, the study
also examines two commonly used group decision-making techniques, the Delphi method and the nominal group technique. Feedback
received from the participants indicates that the methods are transparent, easy to implement, and provide a convenient environment
for participatory decision-making. 相似文献
54.
The results of a study on morphophysiological variation in fish inhabiting a subarctic lake exposed to chronic industrial pollution are described using an example of cisco, Coregonus lavaretus. It is shown that indices of the heart, liver, kidneys, gills, and fatness in these fish are increased significantly and have retained increased values for the past 20 years. The observed changes are analyzed on the basis of biochemical data. The results of studies on the dynamics of hematological parameters in fish are used for characterizing the development of toxicosis. Adaptive rearrangements associated with an increase in the metabolic rate and the activation of protective systems in the fish are explained in the context of S.S. Schvarts' concept. The idea is proposed that the additional energy cost of detoxification may be responsible for morphophysiological variation in fish under conditions of water pollution. 相似文献
55.
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57.
Indicators and indices are important tools that assist decision makers to formulate and implement plans for management at local, national and international levels. Four indicators for hazardous waste management are described that have recently been adopted within the United Nations framework of Indicators of Sustainable Development. Although these four indicators will be useful tools, the need for a broader range of policy-relevant qualitative and quantitative indicators, proxy indicators and indices is outlined. The argument is advanced that in order for all nations to better manage the range of hazardous waste issues, including waste generation, export/import and disposal, a set of innovative indicators and indices is required. Useful indicators and indices are described that could be used to link and quantify likely environmental, ecosystem and health impacts and risks especially from hazardous waste disposal. Indicators are also suggested that could be used to illustrate the shift in industrial strategy away from end-of-pipe processes towards waste recycling, cleaner production and integrated life-cycle analysis. It was concluded that until the lack of reliable and harmonized data on hazardous waste is addressed, indicator development and use by national and international decision makers cannot readily be implemented. 相似文献
58.
以湖北省为例,基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型构建环境绩效评估指标体系,运用空间自相关和标准差椭圆对湖北省各地区绩效指数空间特征及影响因素进行探讨,结果显示:湖北省各地区环境绩效指数(EPI)均高于60,但普遍处于中等水平,良好及优秀所占比例低.EPI较高的地区主要位于湖北省西部和中部,压力和状态指数从西至东递减,响应指数则呈现东部高于西部高于中部的态势.状态指标绩效指数在空间上显著正相关,即环境质量状况较好(或较差)的地区在空间上集聚.EPI及二级指标绩效指数均以西北-东南为布局方向,且EPI椭圆重心较于基准重心偏向于西南方向.各地区环境指数除受到资源禀赋的影响外,还与城镇化率和人口密度显著相关. 相似文献
59.
Helvi Heinonen-Tanski Mariëlle SNEL Christine van Wijk-Sijbesma Avizit Reaz Quazi Kochurani Mathew Induka Werellagama Mujibur Rahman S.M.A. Rashid Palitha Jayaweera Helen Judith 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2007,9(4):355-368
Environmental quality for environmental health has been examined visually by describing general conditions and drinking water
supply, sanitation and solid waste treatment conditions and practices in six South-East Asian villages with a dense population.
The environmental review was supplemented by discussions with local people and political and administrative decision makers.
Some drinking water analyses were done in order to show the water quality to the local people. The quality of the general
conditions and the conditions and practices of drinking water supply, excreta disposal and solid waste treatment practices
have been graded with the grading system presented below. The grading could be done in 1 or 2 days in each area by two persons,
of which one was an environmental scientist and the other a social scientist, who also knew the local culture and worked as
a translator. 相似文献
60.
Abstract: The traditional environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis postulates that environmental degradation follows an inverted U-shaped relationship with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. We tested the EKC hypothesis with bird populations in 5 different habitats as environmental quality indicators. Because birds are considered environmental goods, for them the EKC hypothesis would instead be associated with a U-shaped relationship between bird populations and GDP per capita. In keeping with the literature, we included other variables in the analysis—namely, human population density and time index variables (the latter variable captured the impact of persistent and exogenous climate and/or policy changes on bird populations over time). Using data from 9 Canadian provinces gathered over 37 years, we used a generalized least-squares regression for each bird habitat type, which accounted for the panel structure of the data, the cross-sectional dependence across provinces in the residuals, heteroskedasticity, and fixed- or random-effect specifications of the models. We found evidence that supports the EKC hypothesis for 3 of the 5 bird population habitat types. In addition, the relationship between human population density and the different bird populations varied, which emphasizes the complex nature of the impact that human populations have on the environment. The relationship between the time-index variable and the different bird populations also varied, which indicates there are other persistent and significant influences on bird populations over time. Overall our EKC results were consistent with those found for threatened bird species, indicating that economic prosperity does indeed act to benefit some bird populations. 相似文献