Viable contribution of Tibetan sacred mountains in southwestern China to forest conservation

The Tibetan sacred mountains (TSMs) cover a large area and may represent a landscape‐scale conservation opportunity. We compared the conservation value of forests in these mountains with the conservation value of government‐established nature reserves and unmanaged open‐access areas in Danba County, southwestern China. We used Landsat satellite images to map forest cover and to estimate forest loss in 1974–1989, 1989–1999, and 1999–2013. The TSMs (n = 41) and nature reserves (n = 4) accounted for 21.6% and 29.7% of the county's land area, respectively. Remaining land was open‐access areas (i.e., areas without any restrictions on resource use) (56.2%) and farmlands (2.2%). Within the elevation range suitable for forests, forest cover did not differ significantly between nature reserves (58.8%) and open‐access areas (58.4%), but was significantly higher in TSMs (65.5%) after controlling for environmental factors such as aspect, slope, and elevation. The TSMs of great cultural importance had higher forest cover, but patrols by monastery staff were not necessarily associated with increased forest cover. The annual deforestation rate in nonsacred areas almost tripled in 1989–1999 (111.4 ha/year) relative to 1974–1989 (40.4 ha/year), whereas the rate in TSMs decreased in the later period (19.7 ha/year vs. 17.2 ha/year). The reduced forest loss in TSMs in 1989–1999 was possibly due to the renaissance of TSM worship and strengthened management by the local Buddhist community since late 1980s. The annual deforestation rate in Danba decreased dramatically to 4.4 ha/year in 1999–2013, which coincided with the implementation of a national ban on logging in 1998. As the only form of protected area across the Tibetan region during much of its history, TSMs have positively contributed to conserving forest at a landscape scale. Conservation of TSM forests largely relied on the strength of local religious institutions. Integrating community‐based conservation of TSMs within the government conservation network would benefit the conservation of the Tibetan region.     

农药对鸟类的毒性及其安全性评价

阐述了农药对鸟类的急性毒性 ,探讨了农药对不同鸟类的毒性以及不同农药品种、不同农药剂型对鸟类的危害影响 ,并就农药对鸟类的安全性进行了评价     

昆明地区土壤重金属与农药残留分析

对昆明地区土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb、As、Cr、Hg6种重金属和六六六、DDT、甲胺磷、乐果4种农药含量进行了调查监测,并就其来源及污染状况进行了评价,结果表明:Cd、Cu、As、Hg等重金属对土壤均存在不同程度的污染,其中Cd污染最为严重,其后依次为Cu、Hg、As、Pb、Cr,土壤重金属综合评价为中度污染,土壤有机氯农药仍有部分残留,有机磷农药残留量很低。     

污染土壤修复效果评定方法的研究

在实施污染土壤修复的环境工程后,需要通过灵敏和有效的评定方法对污染土壤修复的效果进行评定.然而,单纯依靠化学方法进行污染土壤修复效果的评定,不能揭示土壤的整体质量特征,因此需要生态毒理方法作为相互补充的手段.本文概述了植物毒性评定法、陆生无脊椎动物评定法和土壤微生物评定法及其在污染土壤修复效果评定中的应用,并对污染土壤修复效果评定方法的发展前景进行展望.     

Fenton试剂处理有机氯农药废水的研究

研究了Fenton氧化法预处理有机氯农药废水的反应特性.通过正交实验确定了氧化反应各种影响因子的最佳操作条件.在此条件下,废水1、2的COD去除率分别为47.8%和87.9%;色度去除率分别为84.4%和99.4%.Fenton试剂处理后,2种废水的可生化性也得到了提高.在各影响因子与COD去除率的关系曲线基础上,分析了废水中各影响因子的作用机理.     

SBBR技术处理有机农药废水的试验研究

选用盾形填料,利用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)对有机农药废水进行试验研究,最终将工艺参数确定为:厌氧2.0h,好氧曝气4.0h,曝气量为0.12～0.15m3/h,DO为4.9～7.5mg/L,pH值为7.0～8.0。处理效果为:COD、BOD5、TP的平均去除率分别达到85%、90%、93%,出水水质达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。     

Can phosphate compounds be used to reduce the plant uptake of Pb and resist the Pb stress in Pb-contaminated soils？

The effects of di erent phosphate-amendments on lead (Pb) uptake, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) in contaminated soils with 2500, or 5000 mg P2O5/kg soil of hydroxyapatite (HA), phosphate rock (PR), single-superphosphate (SSP) and the mix of HA/SSP (HASSP) were evaluated in pot experiments. Results showed that the Pb concentrations in shoots and roots decreased by 18.3%–51.6% and 16.8%–57.3% among the treatments respectively compared to the control samples. The e ciency order of these phosphate-amendments in reducing Pb uptake was as follows: HASSPt HA > SSP t PR.With the addition of SSP, HA and the mix of HA/SSP, the SOD activity in shoot was reduced markedly (P < 0.05) compared with that in the control group. For example, the SOD activities in shoot by the treatments of HASSP, SSP, and HA in 5000 mg P2O5/kg were found to be only 51.3%, 56.2%, and 56.7%, respectively. Similar e ects were also observed on the level of MDA in the shoots with a decrease in 24.5%–56.3%. The results verified the inference that phosphate compounds could be used to reduce the plant uptake of Pb and resist the Pb stress in the plant vegetated in Pb-contaminated soils.     

生物菌剂对石油污染土壤生物修复作用的研究

在实验室条件下,研究了生物菌剂的投加量、投加方式及环境温度对石油污染土壤的修复作用 结果表明,土壤中石油烃的降解效果与生物菌剂的投加量呈正相关,当生物菌剂投加量为0.6mg·kg^-1时,修复,48 d 后,石油烃的降解率为87%.GC-MS分析结果表明,石油污染原土中烷烃的含量最高为82.1%其次为烯烃,含量为16%,还含有少量的胡萝卜烷、烷基萘、甾烷和藿烷% 添加生物菌剂修复40 d 后,峰的数量由32个减少为14个,表明异构烷烃、烯烃、胡萝卜烷全部被降解,残留的物质为较难降解的正构烷烃、藿烷和甾烷,呈现前高后低的峰形,即接种细菌优先降解高碳组分,将长链的烷烃降解为短链的烷烃,随着生物菌剂投加量的增加,土壤中残留石油烃的含量逐渐降低% 一次加入生物菌剂修复,48 d后的峰高明显低于分2 次加入的相应值,故一次性全部加入生物菌剂是最佳的投加方式% 温度是限制石油污染土壤生物修复的重要环境因素,当温度为30℃第,48 d 的降解率可达80%,当温度为20℃,第,48 d的降解率可达60%,温度高有利于土壤中石油烃的降解,加快修复     

Protective clothing for pesticide operators: part I – selection of a reference test chemical for penetration testing

A systematic approach was taken to develop a database for protective clothing for pesticide operators; results are reported as a two-part series. Part I describes the research studies that led to identification of a pesticide formulation that could serve as a reference test chemical for further testing. Measurement of pesticide penetration was conducted using different types of pesticide formulations. Six fabrics were tested using 10 formulations at different concentrations. Three formulations were subsequently selected for further testing. Analysis of the data indicated that, when compared with other formulations, mean percent penetration of 5% Prowl 3.3 EC [emulsifiable concentrate diluted to 5% active ingredient (pendimethalin)] is either similar to or higher than most test chemicals. Those results led to choosing 5% Prowl 3.3 EC as a reference test liquid. Part II of the study, published as a separate paper, includes data on a wide range of textile materials.     

Solubility and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Two Contaminated Urban Soils from Stockholm,Sweden

The solubility and potential mobility of heavy metals (Cd, Cu,Hg, Pb and Zn) in two urban soils were studied by sequential andleaching extractions (rainwater). Compared to rural (arable) soils on similar parent material, the urban soils were highlycontaminated with Hg and Pb and to a lesser extent also with Cd,Cu and Zn. Metal concentrations in rainwater leachates were related to sequential extractions and metal levels reported fromStockholm groundwater. Cadmium and Zn in the soils were mainly recovered in easily extractable fractions, whereas Cu and Pb were complex bound. Concentrations of Pb in the residual fractionwere between two- and eightfold those in arable soils, indicatingthat the sequential extraction scheme did not reflect the solidphases affected by anthropogenic inputs. Cadmium and Zn conc. inthe rainwater leachates were within the range detected in Stockholm groundwater, while Cu and Pb conc. were higher, whichsuggests that Cu and Pb released from the surface soil were immobilised in deeper soil layers. In a soil highly contaminatedwith Hg, the Hg conc. in the leachate was above the median concentration, but still 50 times lower than the max concentration found in groundwater, indicating the possibilityof other sources. In conclusion, it proved difficult to quantitatively predict the mobility of metals in soils by sequential extractions.