改进型ABR+复合生物反应器处理糕点残渣废水

介绍了改进型ABR+复合生物反应器在糕点残渣废水处理工程实例中的应用,运行结果表明:该工艺运行稳定、操作简便、运行成本低,处理糕点残渣废水可获得良好的效果,出水水质达GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准。     

Efficacy of rapeseed residue and eggshell waste on enzyme activity and soil quality in rice paddy

Addition of plant residue into soils improves soil physiochemical properties and its fertility. Rapeseed residue is an emerging N source to paddy soils via rice-rape double-cropping practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rapeseed residue and eggshell waste on chemical changes and enzyme activity in the rice paddy soil. The powdered eggshells at 0, 1, 3, and 5% were applied once to 7.0 kg paddy repacked soils in each pot treated with the rapeseed residue or the conventional N, P, and K fertilisers. Eight rice seedlings (Oriza sativa L. cv. Ilmibyeo) (40 days after sowing) were transplanted to the treated each pot. The contents of total C (TC) and N (TN), and organic matter (OM) were significantly increased in soils treated with the rapeseed residue compared to the N, P, and K fertilisers. With the addition of eggshell containing ～92% CaCO₃, a considerable increase of soil pH was observed in soils treated with the rapeseed residue and the N, P, and K fertilisers, compared to the untreated soil. Activities of β-glucosidase, urease, and arylsulfatase enzymes were higher in soils treated with the rapeseed residue than soils treated with the N, P, and K fertilisers. The eggshell additions at 1, 3, and 5% into soils treated with the rapeseed residue increased enzyme activity mainly resulting from N mineralisation, whereas no change in enzyme activity was observed in the soils treated with the NPK fertiliser. The combined use of the rapeseed residue and the eggshells can be beneficial to improve soil environment.     

The effect of imazethapyr on soil microbes in soybean fields in northeast China

Large quantities of herbicides are used on agricultural soils, but the effects of herbicides on the structure of the soil microbial community have not been well investigated. In this study, soil from three soybean fields was investigated. The herbicide imazethapyr was applied in one year to soil 1 and in two sequential years to soil 2. Control soil received no imazethapyr. Microbial biomass and community structure were characterised using chloroform fumigation–extraction and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) determination. The imazethapyr residue was 1.62 μ g·kg^?1 in soil 1 and 1.79 μ g·kg^?1 in soil 2. The microbial biomass carbon and total PLFAs for soil 2 were much higher than for the other soils. PLFA profiles showed that fatty acids for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as total bacteria and total fungi in soil 2 were higher than in other samples. Principal component analysis of the PLFAs showed that the structure of the microbial community differed substantially among the three different soybean field soils. Application of the herbicide imazethapyr to soybean fields clearly changed the soil microbial biomass and shifted the structure of the microbial community.     

Concentrations of Hchs and Ddts in the Tissues of River Dolphins,Platanista Gangetica,From the River Ganges,India

Abstract

Concentrations of HCH and DDT organochlorine insecticide residues were measured in blubber, muscle and oil samples from three specimens of river dolphins, Platanista gangetica, from the River Ganges, India. Concentrations of HCH and DDT ranged from 94 to 289 ng g^?1 and from 1324 to 9388 ng g^?1 on wet wt. basis respectively. Comparisons are made with other aquatic mammals and other studies on river dolphins. P. gangetica appears to exhibit similar patterns of accumulation with age and with ß-HCH and p-p′-DDE being accumulated to higher levels than other HCH isomers and parent DDT and its other metabolites, respectively. These organochlorines may pose a health risk to river dolphin populations that are already showing evidence of environmental stress. Further studies are recommended.     

Emission factors of gaseous carbonaceous species from residential combustion of coal and crop residue briquettes

Experiments were performed to measure the emission factors (EFs) of gaseous carbonaceous species, such as CO₂, CO, CH₄, and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), from the combustion of five types of coal of varying organic maturity and two types of biomass briquettes under residential burning conditions. Samples were collected in stainless steel canisters and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges and were analyzed by GC-FID/MS and HPLC, respectively. The EFs from crop residue briquette burning were generally higher than those from coals, with the exception of CO₂. The dominant NMVOC species identified in coal smoke were carbonyls (41.7%), followed by C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons (29.1%) and aromatics (12.1%), while C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons were the dominant species (68.9%) emitted from the combustion of crop residue briquettes, followed by aromatics (14.4%). A comparison of burning normal crop residues in stoves and the open field indicated that briquettes emitted a larger proportion of ethene and acetylene. Both combustion efficiency and coal organic maturity had a significant impact on NMVOC EFs from burning coal: NMVOC emissions increased with increasing coal organic maturity but decreased as the combustion efficiency improved. Emissions from the combustion of crop residue briquettes from stoves occurred mainly during the smoldering process, with low combustion efficiency. Therefore, an improved stove design to allow higher combustion efficiency would be beneficial for reducing emissions of carbonaceous air pollutants.     

降雨中有机氯农药土壤-水界面迁移过程的实验模拟

以人工降雨实验模拟的方法,对有机氯农药在降雨过程中非点源污染的产生进行了研究.结果表明,在降雨过程中,表层径流中有机氯农药的输出量高于土壤渗流液.土壤径流中有机氯农药浓度的输出呈现先下降后平缓的趋势.土壤有机质影响着降雨过程中有机氯农药浓度的输出变化趋势.泥炭土径流中有机氯农药的输出量相对较高.有机氯农药残留总量沿土壤剖面的总体变化趋势为随深度增加而下降,其峰值出现在0—5 cm,反映了污染物的转移规律.泥炭土中有机氯农药的残留量最低.泥炭土、黄褐土和风沙土中有机氯农药含量的峰值均出现在第2次和第3次采样时间,但在30 d后有机氯农药的残留量仍较高,表明有机氯农药在土壤中残留时间长,可能存在着一定的生态风险.     

1,4-二氯苯在褐土中的残留量变化及对几种土壤酶活性的影响

1,4-二氯苯(1,4-DCB)作为农药和化工产品生产的原料和中间体,在环境中的含量越来越多.采用气相色谱法对不同浓度1,4-DCB处理后土壤中药物残留量进行了测定;对1,4-DCB处理后褐土土壤中几种重要的氧化还原酶(多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶)和脲酶活性进行测定,用其改变来反应1,4-DCB残留对土壤生态系统的影响.结果发现:在1,4-DCB处理30 d后,土壤中1,4-DCB残留保持在44%~50%;1,4-DCB处理后土壤中多酚氧化酶活性呈现先升高后降低的现象,酶活性峰值因作用时间和作用浓度不同而不同.与多酚氧化酶活性改变趋势不同,1,4-DCB处理后土壤脱氢酶活性降低.两种酶活性与1,4-DCB处理浓度之间均具有一定的浓度-效应和时间-效应关系.与多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶活性变化结果不同,1,4-DCB处理后土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性则随着处理浓度升高和处理时间延长而升高.因此,土壤中不同酶活性对1,4-DCB污染产生了不同的响应.     

温度和停留时间对DDT污染土壤热脱附效果的影响

采用热处理方法分别对自配DDT及其衍生物(DDTs,包括p,p'-DDT、o,p'-DDT、p,p'-DDD和p,p'-DDE)污染土壤在5个温度(100,200,300,400,500℃),6个停留时间(5,10,20,30,40,50 min)下的DDTs去除率及热处理前后的DDTs残留浓度变化进行了研究。研究结果表明:热脱附对DDTs污染土壤修复效果显著。当温度达到300℃以上时,热脱附技术的优势开始显现。300℃下40 min时的DDTs去除率与400℃及500℃处理10 min时相当,均能达到97%以上。对热处理前后土壤中DDTs的残留浓度进行检测,结果表明:土壤中的主要污染成分p,p'-DDT在200℃以上时大量减少,主要转化为p,p'-DDE。p,p'-DDE在200～300℃时大量生成,400～500℃被去除。根据能耗分析结果得出较佳热处理条件为400℃,10 min。     

新烟碱类农药的污染现状及转化行为研究进展

新烟碱类(neonicotinoids)农药自在20世纪80年代中期引入以来,便发展成为世界上使用最广泛的一类杀虫剂。近年来,该类化合物在环境中被不断检出,并通过饮用水和食物等方式进入食物链,给人类健康带来极大的安全隐患。文章综述了新烟碱类杀虫剂在空气、土壤、水相、生物体和人体中的暴露浓度,以及这类农药在环境中的转化行为。目前针对新烟碱类杀虫剂的环境暴露研究仍十分有限,需要更全面调查其在多环境介质中的暴露状况以综合评价其生态风险。关于新烟碱类化合物的毒理学研究主要集中在急性毒性试验,而对于其他形式的毒性效应有待进一步研究。最后对新烟碱农药未来的研究重点和方向提出了展望。     

中国各区域秸秆资源可能源化利用的潜力分析

在我国能源需求迅速增长并日益依赖国际市场的背景下,能源化利用秸秆资源是我国缓解能源短缺的重要选择之一。论文在综合相关研究成果的基础上,对我国不同区域农作物秸秆可能源化利用的潜力及资源密度进行了分析。研究表明,2009年中国农作物秸秆理论资源量为7.48×10⁸ t,可获得资源量为6.34×10⁸ t,可能源化利用量为1.52×10⁸ t。中国可能源化利用秸秆资源区域分布极不均匀。长江中下游、东北、华北等区域可能源化利用秸秆潜力较大,分别为0.42×10⁸、 0.37×10⁸和0.35×10⁸ t,青藏高原、黄土高原和西南可能源化利用秸秆资源潜力较低。根据各区域可能源化利用秸秆资源密度,论文对不同省份建造较大规模秸秆发电企业或燃料乙醇企业的适宜性进行了分析。