2011年1-7月国内外石油与化工事故分析

基于2011年1-7月国内外石油与化工事故,从事故发生时间、经营类型和事故类型等方面进行了分析,并分析了重大自然灾害的影响。结果表明：7月是事故高发的月份,化工生产事故最多,泄漏是主要的事故类型;日本地震等重大自然灾害对石油与化工行业产生很大的影响。从推进中小化工企业的安全标准化工作、加强储存运输的安全运营保障、提高企业应对自然灾害的能力等方面提出了建议,以预防或减少事故发生。     

辽河水体有机污染来源判别

为探讨掌握辽河水体中有机物污染及污染水平,并通过典型有机物作为标志,进行污染来源判别。本研究采用气相色谱(GC-FID,GC-ECD)、气相色谱-质谱联机(GC-MS)技术对西辽河到红庙子12个点位的水样进行了四大类有机物分析。结果表明:辽宁省内河水石油烃类污染是非常明显且普遍的。辽河水污染是混合型的,工业含油废水排放,交通运输石油滴漏,城镇市政废水排放,工农业生产和家庭生活用煤作能源,热源等是主要污染来源。     

钢铁企业节水评价指标体系的构建

针对中国钢铁行业尚未建立节水评价指标体系的现状,在广泛查阅资料的基础上,遵循科学合理性、目标导向性、实用性和可比性的原则,构建了钢铁企业节水评价指标体系。指标体系的建立使钢铁企业的节水成效具有横向和纵向可比性,有利于调动企业的节水积极性,促进节水技术的发展和推广,为钢铁企业开展节水工作指明目标和方向。     

不同植物对石油污染的耐受性研究

石油污染已成为世界各国普遍关注的环境问题,土壤中石油类污染物的植物修复因具有众多优势而被人们广泛关注,而耐受性强的修复植物的选择是研究的重点,因此,采用皿培的方法对几种待选植物种子进行培养,对其在不同浓度石油污染的土壤中的出芽率进行分析,并持续观察其植株的生长状况,评价植物在各个浓度石油污染土壤中的耐受性,结果可得:低浓度石油污染土壤(0.5%)对植物种子萌芽和植株生长均有一定的促进作用,中高浓度(1%~3%)石油污染土壤对种子萌芽和植株生长具有抑制作用,在受试五种植物中,红三叶种子的石油污染耐受性最强。     

清洁生产与可持续发展

根据“清洁生产”的产生及其重要性,论述了要保进环境和经济的协调发展,走可持续发展道路,就必须积极推行清洁生产。     

环境管理手段对企业排污行为调控力度的定量化研究

在构造出反映企业排污行为和若干环境管理手段的统计特征量的基础上,提出以统计特征量之间的回归分析来定量化研究环境管理手段对企业排污行为调控力度的方法．对1993 ～1997年度镇江市26家COD 重点排放企业的研究表明：排污收费、环保补贴、执法检查、行政干预4 种环境管理手段都对企业的 COD 排放行为起到了明显的调控作用,调控力度由大到小依次为环保补贴、排污收费、执法检查和行政干预．     

A review of biomarker compounds as source indicators and tracers for air pollution

An overview of the application of organic geochemistry to the analysis of organic matter on aerosol particles is presented here. This organic matter is analyzed as solvent extractable bitumen/ lipids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The organic geochemical approach assesses the origin, the environmental history and the nature of secondary products of organic matter by using the data derived from specific molecular analyses. Evaluations of production and fluxes, with cross-correlations can thus be made by the application of the same separation and analytical procedures to samples from point source emissions and the ambient atmosphere. This will be illustrated here with typical examples from the ambient atmosphere (aerosol particles) and from emissions of biomass burning (smoke). Organic matter in aerosols is derived from two major sources and is admixed depending on the geographic relief of the air shed. These sources are biogenic detritus (e.g., plant wax, microbes, etc.) and anthropogenic particle emissions (e.g., oils, soot, synthetics, etc.). Both biogenic detritus and some of the anthropogenic particle emissions contain organic materials which have unique and distinguishable compound distribution patterns (C₁₄-C₄₀). Microbial and vascular plant lipids are the dominant biogenic residues and petroleum hydrocarbons, with lesser amounts of the pyrogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and synthetics (e.g., chlorinated compounds), are the major anthropogenic residues. Biomass combustion is another important primary source of particles injected into the global atmosphere. It contributes many trace substances which are reactants in atmospheric chemistry and soot paniculate matter with adsorbed biomarker compounds, most of which are unknown chemical structures. The injection of natural product organic compounds into smoke occurs primarily by direct volatilization/steam stripping and by thermal alteration based on combustion temperature. Although the molecular composition of organic matter in smoke particles is highly variable, the molecular tracers are generally still source specific. Retene has been utilized as a tracer for conifer smoke in urban aerosols, but is not always detectable. Dehydroabietic acid is generally more concentrated in the atmosphere from the same emission sources. Degradation products from biopolymers (e.g., levoglucosan from cellulose) are also excellent tracers. An overview of the biomarker compositions of biomass smoke types is presented here. Defining additional tracers of thermally-altered and directly-emitted natural products in smoke aids the assessment of the organic matter type and input from biomass combustion to aerosols. The precursor to product approach of compound characterization by organic geochemistry can be applied successfully to provide tracers for studying the chemistry and dispersion of ambient aerosols and smoke plumes. Presented at the 6th FECS Conference on Chemistry and the Environment, Atmospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution, August 26–28, 1998, Copenhagen.     

A new prediction method of industrial atmospheric pollutant emission intensity based on pollutant emission standard quantification

● Established a quantification method of pollutant emission standard. ● Predicted the SO₂ emission intensity of single coking enterprises in China. ● Evaluated the influence of pollutant discharge standard on prediction accuracy. ● Analyzed the SO₂ emissions of Chinese provincial and municipal coking enterprises. Industrial emissions are the main source of atmospheric pollutants in China. Accurate and reasonable prediction of the emission of atmospheric pollutants from single enterprise can determine the exact source of atmospheric pollutants and control atmospheric pollution precisely. Based on China’s coking enterprises in 2020, we proposed a quantitative method for pollutant emission standards and introduced the quantification results of pollutant emission standards (QRPES) into the construction of support vector regression (SVR) and random forest regression (RFR) prediction methods for SO₂ emission of coking enterprises in China. The results show that, affected by the types of coke ovens and regions, China’s current coking enterprises have implemented a total of 21 emission standards, with marked differences. After adding QRPES, it was found that the root mean squared error (RMSE) of SVR and RFR decreased from 0.055 kt/a and 0.059 kt/a to 0.045 kt/a and 0.039 kt/a, and theR² increased from 0.890 and 0.881 to 0.926 and 0.945, respectively. This shows that the QRPES can greatly improve the prediction accuracy, and the SO₂ emissions of each enterprise are highly correlated with the strictness of standards. The predicted result shows that 45% of SO₂ emissions from Chinese coking enterprises are concentrated in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Hebei provinces in central China. The method created in this paper fills in the blank of forecasting method of air pollutant emission intensity of single enterprise and is of great help to the accurate control of air pollutants.     

浅谈加强企业内部控制的意义和措施

针对如何做好企业管理提出了加强"内部控制"的观点,并就如何做好"控制"及其意义做了深入的阐述。     

企业职工心理安全影响因素的研究与分析

通过引入因果图法和层次分析法,将影响心理安全的因素用因果图进行分析和表示,然后根据一定的内在机理将因果图转换成AHP的层次结构模型,求得个因素事件的权值,得出个因素事件的重要程度,从而确定关键因素,即为预防的重点。