珠江三角洲沉积物中毒害有机物的污染现状及评价

参照美国EPA8000系列方法及质量保证和质量控制(QA/QC),对珠江三角洲河流和河口表层沉积物中的有机氯农药、多氯联苯(PCBs)和多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了定量分析。与世界各地表层沉积物中毒害有机污染物的浓度进行对比,分析了珠江三角洲地区沉积物的污染现状;与国外生态风险评价标准对比表明,广州河段和澳门河口的沉积物为高生态风险区。      

煤粉锅炉掺烧石油焦燃烧污染物排放特性的研究

对煤粉锅炉掺烧石油焦的污染物排放特性作了较详细的研究.煤焦粉的细度对燃烧性能影响很大,因而间接地影响NO_x,SO₂排放;煤焦掺混比以及煤、焦各自的含氮、硫量对NO_x,SO₂排放影响明显;烟气中SO2的浓度随过量空气系数α的增大而减少,过量空气系数α在1.3～1.4之间时,烟气中NO_x的浓度最高.现场调试结果与实验室试验结果基本一致.实际应用中应综合考虑煤焦粉细度、煤焦掺混比以及煤焦中含氮、硫量对其燃烧特性以及NO_x,SO₂排放的影响,以确定合适的细度及煤焦掺混比投入生产运行中.      

Biogeochemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons in the benthos of microcosms†

Investigations into the fate of petroleum compounds in the marine environment were carried out using experimental microcosms of two sizes and designs. Aromatic hydrocarbons or No. 2 fuel oil were spiked to the water of a 13 m³ continuous flow system and to a 2281 recycled flow system. The transport and alteration of this oil was traced in the sediment and benthic organisms (Glycera americana, Crepidula sp., and Nephtys incisa) of these microcosms. Measurable contamination was found in both sample types. The aromatic hydrocarbon distribution, including relative isomeric distribution (e.g., C₂‐phenanthrenes) was found to be different in sediment and in organisms from that which was originally introduced to the experimental microcosm. Differences in isomer distribution between Glycera and Crepidula were also detected. Based on the experimental data: molecular weight and specific isomeric form, biochemical processes, solubility, and particle adsorption/desorption influence the fate of petroleum compounds in benthic ecosystems.     

缸内直喷汽油车颗粒物化学组分特征

随着缸内直喷汽油车（GDI）的大量使用,其尾气颗粒物排放问题日益凸显.研究缸内直喷汽油车尾气颗粒物构成组分是有效控制其颗粒物排放的重要前期工作之一.选取了5辆满足国六排放标准的缸内直喷汽油车进行了尾气颗粒物碳质成分、水溶性离子和多环芳烃（PAHs）组分分析.结果发现,各类碳质是测试车辆尾气颗粒物中的主要成分,平均占比约70%.颗粒物碳质中有机碳质（OC）多于核态碳质（EC）,OC/EC比值在1.03~3.43之间.测量了颗粒物中多种水溶性离子的含量,结果表明Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-是尾气颗粒物中的主要水溶性离子,主要来源均为机油添加剂.此外,结果还发现GDI车辆尾气颗粒物中高环PAHs排放占比较高,对人体健康危害大,需要重点关注.     

湛茂原油长输管线风险分析

以输油管道设计规范为依据,计算管道目前状态的轴向应力、环向应力和径向变形量,分析管线腐蚀、占压危害因素对长输管道的强度、刚度造成的影响,从量化的角度评价湛茂原油管线被公路、建筑物占压后运行过程中存在的风险,并提出处理办法.     

Estrogenic and dioxin-like compounds in sediment from Zierikzee harbour identified with CALUX assay-directed fractionation combined with one and two dimensional gas chromatography analyses

The identity of compounds responsible for estrogenic and dioxin-like activities in sediment from the harbour of the small town Zierikzee in Zeeland, The Netherlands, was investigated using a bioassay directed fractionation approach with the in vitro estrogen and dioxin responsive reporter gene assays ER- and DR-CALUX. For identification of compounds exhibiting activity in the bioassays, either one or two-dimensional GC in combination with quadrupole (MSD), ion trap (ITD) or time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection (ToF-MS) was used, depending on the biological and chemical characteristics and the complexity of the fractions. The natural estrogenic hormone 17-β-estradiol and its metabolite estrone were identified with GC–ITD as the main contributors to the estrogenic activity. After successive rounds of fractionation, the dioxin-like activity could be explained by the presence of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons identified with GC–MSD and two-dimensional comprehensive GC × GC–ToF-MS. Some estrogenic activity of a relatively non-polar nature remained unidentified.     

Petroleum Pollutant Degradation by Surface Water Microorganisms (8 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope It is well known that the composition of petroleum or some of its processing products changes in the environment mostly under the influence of microorganisms. A series of experiments was conducted in order to define the optimum conditions for an efficient biodegradation of petroleum pollutant, or bioremediation of different segments of the environment. The aim of these investigations was to show to what extent the hydrocarbons of a petroleum pollutant are degraded by microbial cultures which were isolated as dominant microorganisms from a surface water of a wastewater canal of an oil refinery and a nitrogen plant. Biodegradation experiments were conducted on one paraffinic, and one naphthenic type of petroleum during a three month period under aerobic conditions, varying the following parameters: Inorganic (Kp) or an organic medium (Bh) with or without exposition to light. Methods Microorganisms were analyzed in a surface water sample from a canal (Pančevo, Serbia), into which wastewater from an oil refinery and a nitrogen plant is released. The consortia of microorganisms were isolated from the water sample (most abundant species: Phormidium foveolarum - filamentous Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae and Achanthes minutissima, diatoms, algae). The simulation experiments of biodegradation were conducted with the biomass suspension and crude oils Sirakovo (Sir, paraffinic type) and Velebit (Ve, naphthenic type). After a three month period, organic substance was extracted by means of chloroform. In the extracts, the content of saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and fatty acids was determined (the group composition). n-Alkanes and isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes, pristane and phytane, in the aliphatic fractions, were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). Total isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes and polycyclic alkanes of sterane and triterpane types were analyzed by GC-MS. Results and discussion. Paraffinic type petroleums have a significant loss of saturated hydrocarbons. For naphthenic type petroleum, such a trend has not been observed. The most intensive degradation of n-alkanes and isoprenoid aliphatic alkanes (in paraffinic oil) and isoprenoids (in naphthenic oil) was observed using the inorganic medium Kp in the light; the microbial conversion is somewhat lower with Kp in the dark; with organic medium Bh in the light the degradation is of low intensity; with the same medium in the dark the degradation is hardly to be seen. Steranes and triterpanes were not affected by microbial degradation under the conditions used in our experiments. Obviously, the petroleum biodegradation was restricted to the acyclic aliphatics (n-alkanes and isoprenoids). Conclusion Phormidium foveolarum (filamentous Cyanobacteria - blue-green algae) and Achanthes minutissima (diatoms, algae), microbial cultures isolated as dominant algae from a surface water in a wastewater canal of an oil refinery and a nitrogen plant, have degradable effects dominantly involving petroleum hydocarbons. Petroleum microbiological degradation is more intensive when inorganic medium (in the light) is applied. Having in mind that the inorganic pollutants have been released into the canal as well, this medium reflects more the natural environmental conditions. Polycyclic alkanes of sterane and triterpane type, in spite of the fact that these compounds could be degraded, have remained unchanged regarding abundance and distribution. Since this is the case even for naphthenic type petroleum (which is depleted in n-alkanes), it can be concluded that the biodegradation of petroleum type pollutants, under natural conditions, will be restrained to the n-alkane and isoprenoid degradation. Recommendation and Outlook Performed experiments and simulations of petroleum microbiological degradation may serve for the prediction of the fate of petroleum type pollutants, as well as for definition of conditions for bioremediation of some environmental segments.     

Atmospheric particle-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds over two distinct sites in Pakistan: Characteristics, sources and health risk assessment

Much attention is drawn to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） as an air pollutant due to their toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Therefore, to understand the levels, seasonality, sources and potential health risk of PAHs in two distinct geographical locations at Karachi and Mardan in Pakistan, total suspended particle（TSP） samples were collected for over one year period. The average total PAH concentrations were 31.5 ± 24.4 and 199 ± 229 ng/m³ in Karachi and Mardan, re...     

岩溶地下河流域表层土壤多环芳烃污染特征及来源分析

采集重庆南山老龙洞地下河流域农田土壤(0～20 cm),利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC/MC)测定了土壤样品中16种优控多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)含量,分析其含量和组成,污染水平及污染来源.结果表明,流域内不同地点表层土壤16种PAHs总量变化范围为277～3301 ng·g-1,平均值为752.6 ng·g-1±635.5 ng·g-1,所有样品均遭受污染,其中57%为轻污染,29%为污染土壤,而14%为重污染.多环芳烃的组成以2～3环为主,占总量的28.72%～72.68%,平均值为48.20%;4环和5～6环含量分别为7.77%和34.03%.土壤PAHs含量与有机质(SOM)含量显著相关,而与pH值相关性不强.比值法和主成分分析(PCA)表明,流域内土壤主要来自交通排放与煤炭、石油及生物质燃烧的混合源以及石油源.     

野生观赏植物长药八宝对石油烃污染土壤的修复研究

植物修复作为一项绿色修复技术,是石油烃污染土壤有效而可行的修复方法之一.野生观赏植物应用于植物修复,不仅能展现野生植物的良好耐性,在治理污染的同时美化环境,还能发挥观赏植物的特性,避免将污染带入食物链.本研究通过温室盆栽试验探讨了野生观赏植物长药八宝(Hylotelephium spectabile(Boreau)H.Ohba)对大港油田石油烃污染土壤的修复潜力.结果表明:长药八宝对石油烃污染的盐碱土具备良好的耐性,虽然长药八宝的地上部生物量相对于对照组有所降低,但与修复活动更为相关的根部生物量并未受到明显抑制,长药八宝也未表现出明显的毒害症状;长药八宝对石油烃污染土壤的修复效果比较显著,当土壤石油烃浓度为11874 mg·kg-1、20075 mg·kg-1和38986mg·kg-1时,其降解率分别为47.99%、24.49%和22.98%,明显高于空白对照组的降解率(仅为32.37%、21.57%和17.64%)(p0.01);通过最大或然数法(most probable number,MPN)观测到11874mg·kg-1、20075 mg·kg-1和38986 mg·kg-1浓度的石油烃污染胁迫下,烷烃和芳烃降解菌的数量都要高于空白对照组,这在一定程度上促进了根际微生物对石油烃的降解.总之,长药八宝对一定浓度的石油烃污染盐碱土具备良好的耐性,对土壤中石油烃污染物具备较高的降解率,具备修复总石油烃浓度在40000mg·kg-1以下的石油烃污染盐碱土的能力.