石化污泥混合菌和白腐真菌对气相苯系物的降解能力比较

为寻找合适的菌源在生物滴滤器中挂膜以降解苯系物挥发性有机废气,选用以甲苯为底物驯化的石化污泥和白腐真菌做菌源,研究了2类菌源对苯、甲苯、二甲苯等挥发性有机气体的生物降解规律.比较了石化污泥菌源微生物对苯系物代谢过程在耐受化合物浓度、降解起动期、降解速率以及降解程度等方面的差异.结果表明,石化污泥混合菌对苯的降解效率远高于白腐真菌,混合菌最大降解率为100%,而白腐真菌最高降解率只有46.1%.在石化污泥菌种体系中,对于同种化合物而言,随着化合物初始浓度的增加所需起动期增长,降解率降低;3种化合物的降解难易顺序为:甲苯＞苯＞二甲苯,同种物质的平均降解速率低于起动期后的降解速率.石化污泥菌源更适合降解苯系物废气.     

丹江口水库迁建区土壤PAHs的分布特征与来源及其生态风险评价

为评价丹江口水库迁建区土壤中PAHs的污染水平及该区域被淹没后的生态风险,采用GC/MS(气相色谱-质谱联用仪)分析技术,检测了该区域表层(0～20 cm)土壤中的w(PAHs),并探讨不同土地利用方式下PAHs的分布特征及来源. 结果表明:①研究区域表层土壤中w(PAHs)为4.04~181 ng/g,平均值为41.3 ng/g,在不同土地利用方式下表现为居住地>玉米地>菜地>其他耕地>养殖地>林地>果园. ②特征化合物指数法分析结果显示,菜地、居住地和其他耕地表层土壤中PAHs主要来自柴油燃烧,少部分属既有燃料燃烧又有石油污染的混合源,养殖地和玉米地表层土壤中PAHs主要来自燃料燃烧,说明土地利用方式对表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数、组成及其来源等均产生一定影响. ③与国内其他地区湖泊和水库沉积物相比,研究区域表层土壤中w(PAHs)较低,属于清洁无污染等级. 迁建区表层土壤被淹没成为沉积物后,由于PAHs污染程度较小,因此潜在生态风险较低.      

石油污染土壤热解修复反应规律与机制研究

在石油的开采、运输等过程中,由于原油泄漏而产生的石油污染土壤会严重威胁生态环境和人类健康.相比细菌降解修复和化学氧化修复,中低温热解修复是一种高效、经济的修复方法.然而,国内对石油污染土壤的热解修复规律和影响因素研究却较少.本文先以模型污染土壤为研究对象,考察了初始含油率（5%、10%）、热解温度（375、400、425、450 ℃）、热解时间（30、60 min）对污染土壤中石油烃脱除率的影响,采用FTIR、元素分析、原油四组分分析、荧光显微镜观测等方法确定了热解过程中石油的饱和分、芳香分、胶质及沥青质的转化方式,提出了石油污染土壤在形成和热解过程中石油的四组分吸附、脱除途径模型,并通过XPS、TEM等表征手段确定了最佳修复条件.结果表明,在425 ℃下热解30 min后,污染土壤中石油烃去除率在99.40%以上,残存TPH含量低于GB I类用地风险筛选值,且修复后土壤中的残炭非常稳定、无害,不会对环境造成二次污染.此外,还选取了新疆油田、长庆油田的场地石油污染土壤在最佳修复条件下进行处理,发现石油烃脱除率均在99.60%以上,土壤总有机碳含量的结果也表明处理后的土壤肥力恢复到了污染前的水平.本研究结果将为我国高浓度石油污染土壤的热解修复技术提供科学依据.     

Effects of physicochemical factors on PAH degradation by Planomicrobium alkanoclasticum

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants that are mutagenic, carcinogenic, and toxic to living organisms. Here, the ability and effectiveness of selected bacteria isolated from an oil‐contaminated area in biodegrading PAHs were evaluated, and the optimal conditions conducive to bacterial PAH biodegradation were determined. Of six bacterial isolates identified based on their 16S rRNA sequences, Planomicrobium alkanoclasticum could subsist on and consume nearly all hydrocarbons according to the 2,6‐dichlorophenolindophenol assay. The efficacy of this isolate at PAH biodegradation was then empirically confirmed. After 30 days of incubation, P. alkanoclasticum degraded 90.8% of the 16 PAH compounds analyzed and fully degraded eight of them. The optimum P. alkanoclasticum growth conditions were 35°C, pH 7.5, and NaNO₃ as the nitrogen source. Under these biostimulant conditions, P. alkanoclasticum degraded 91.4% of the total PAH concentration and completely decomposed seven PAHs after 15 days incubation. Hence, P. alkanoclasticum is an apt candidate for the biodegradation of PAHs and the bioremediation of sites contaminated by them.     

百色、陆良盆地石油钻井污水处理

研究了水生植物法、水生植物一化学絮凝法、化学絮凝法、化学沉降法对钻井污水进行的处理，并着重研究了化学絮凝法。通过室内和现场试验应用表明，百色、陆良盆地石油钻井污水采用氯化钙十石灰十铝盐进行三级处理后，可取得满意效果，并有推广应用价值。     

液化石油气贮配站安全评价的实践

针对液化石油气贮配站火灾爆炸危险性大的特点，采用规范评价和危险度分级相结合的方法，对其进行安全评价，为液化石油气贮配企业进行整改、保障自身安全和社会公共安全，以及政府有关部门对液化石油气贮配企业实施宏观管理，提供科学的依据。     

The Effect of Interaction Between White-rot Fungi and Indigenous Microorganisms on Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil

White-rot fungi applied for soil bioremediation have to compete with indigenous soil microorganisms. The effect of competition on both indigenous soil microflora and white-rot fungi was evaluated with regard to degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with different persistence in soil. Sterile and non-sterile soil was artificially contaminated with ¹⁴C-labeled PAH consisting of three (anthracene), four (pyrene, benz[a]anthracene) and five fused aromatic rings (benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene). The two fungi tested,Dichomitus squalens and Pleurotus ostreatus, produced similar amounts of ligninolytic enzymes in soil, but PAH mineralization by P. ostreatus was significantly higher. Compared to the indigenous soil microflora, P.ostreatus mineralized 5-ring PAH to a larger extent, while the indigenous microflora was superior in mineralizing 3-ring and 4-ring PAH. In coculture the special capabilities of both soil microflora and P. ostreatus were partly restricted due to antagonistic interactions, but essentially preserved. Thus, soil inoculation with P. ostreatus significantly increased the mineralization of high-molecular-weight PAH, and at the same time reduced the mineralization of anthracene and pyrene. Regarding the mineralization of low-molecular-weight PAH, the stimulation of indigenous soil microorganisms by straw amendment was more efficient than application of white-rot fungi.     

Biodegradation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Specificity among Bacteria Isolated from Refinery Waste Sludge

Indigenous microorganisms, enriched and isolated from refinery waste sludge, were observed to possess a broad range of metabolic activities for mixtures of several classes of substrates of petroleum hydrocarbons, such as monoaromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n- and branched alkanes. Three of the best-growing bacterial isolates selectively enriched with these compounds were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as belonging to the genera Enterobacter and Ochrobactrum. Two of them, Enterobacter sp. strain EK3.1 and Ochrobactrum sp. strain EK6 utilise a hydrocarbon mixture of the branched alkane 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane and the PAHs acenaphthylene and acenaphthene. Enterobacter sp. strain EK4 can grow with a mixture of 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane, toluene, acenaphthylene and acenaphthene as carbon sources. Nucleic acid fingerprint analysis, by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of the PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes, of the autochthonous bacterial community in contaminated soil samples showed complex and different community structures under different treatments of refinery waste sludge in landfarm areas. The characteristic peaks of the T-RFLP profiles of the individual, isolated degrading bacteria Enterobacter spp. and Ochrobactrum sp. were detected in the T-RFLP fingerprint of the bacterial community of the four months old treated landfarm soil, suggesting the enrichment of bacteria belonging to the same operational taxonomic units, as well as their importance in degrading activity.     

炼油废水处理设施气浮池及溶气罐的改进

针对炼油废水处理设施气浮池及溶气罐中存在的问题，采取了相应的改进措施，取得了满意的效果。并从设计运行控制参数的改进以及流体力学的基础理论等方面进行了论述。     

液化石油气钢瓶爆破强度的概率分布研究

应用数理统计方法，对液化石油气钢瓶爆破强度进行了分析，得到如下2个结论：①在显著度为5％时，描述爆破强度实测值与预测值之比的随机变量符合正态分布；②在置信度为99％时，分析得到了该随机变量分布参数的取值范围。