超声萃取—高效液相色谱法测定土壤中多环芳烃

多环芳烃（简称PAHs）是一类具有致癌、致畸及致突变的持久性污染物。可靠的PAHs检测方法是研究其环境行为的重要保证。实验采用超声萃取、用固相萃取柱（SPE-C18）进行净化处理土壤样品,用液相色谱-荧光检测技术对美国环保署（USEAP）优先监测的15种多环芳烃污染物进行定量分析。实验结果表明,该方法对15种PAHs的最低检出限为0.231μg/kg-3.846μg/kg,回收率为51.48%-69.84%,相对标准偏差为6.84%-11.92%。     

Scent of a queen—cuticular hydrocarbons specific for female reproductives in lower termites

In social insects, it is assumed that signals of the queen inform nestmates about her reproductive status. Thus, workers forego their own reproduction if the queen signals high fertility. In hemimetabolous termites, little is known about reproductive inhibition, but evidence exists for a royal-pair control. Workers of lower termites exhibit a high developmental flexibility and are potentially able to become reproductives, but the presence of a fertile reproductive restrains them from reaching sexual maturity. The nature of this control, however, remains unknown. Here, we report on qualitative differences in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles between queens and workers of the basal drywood termite Cryptotermes secundus. Queens were characterized by a shift to long-chained and branched hydrocarbons. Most remarkably, similar chemical patterns are regarded as fertility cues of reproductives in social Hymenoptera. This might suggest that both groups of social insects convergently evolved similar chemical signatures. The present study provides deeper insights into how termites might have socially exploited these signatures from sexual communication in their cockroach-like ancestor. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

8种花卉植物种子萌发对石油烃污染土壤的响应

石油污染土壤的植物修复技术以其处理成本低、无二次污染、自然美观等特点,正逐步成为石油污染治理研究的一个重要方向.而修复植物的筛选是植物修复技术首要解决的问题.为此以花卉植物种子发芽作为生态指示,探讨其对石油污染土壤的反应.设置了4组不同浓度的石油污染土壤处理,对8种供试花卉植物的种子发芽率进行了盆栽实验观测.结果表明:不同的花卉种子对石油污染表现出不同的耐受性,与清洁对照土壤相比,大多数花卉种子的萌发都明显受到石油烃污染的抑制,其中受石油烃污染影响最严重的是二月兰(Orychophragmus violace).相比之下,4组浓度处理下硫华菊(Cosmos sulphnreus)和孔雀草(Tagetes patula)具有较高的耐受性和种子发芽率,因而具有修复石油污染土壤的潜力.     

多环芳烃的分布特征及其与有机碳和黑碳的相关性研究——以汕头国际湿地示范区三种红树林湿地表层沉积物为例

野外采集了汕头国际湿地示范区内3种红树林湿地(苏埃湾天然次生桐花树林湿地、外砂河口人工种植海桑与无瓣海桑混交林湿地、义丰溪口人工无瓣海桑林湿地)的表层沉积物样品,在实验室内分析了沉积物的多环芳烃、有机碳和黑碳含量.研究了多环芳烃在3种不同红树林湿地沉积物中的分布特征,以及沉积物有机碳、黑碳与多环芳烃的相关性.结果表明:多环芳烃在天然次生红树林湿地沉积物中的累积量显著高于人工恢复红树林湿地沉积物的累积量;不同红树林湿地沉积物对多环芳烃的吸附和累积具有共同的特征,即多环芳烃的组成成分相似,主要组分为菲、荧蒽、芘和苯并(b)荧蒽;除义丰溪口红树林湿地外,多环芳烃在另外2个红树林湿地沉积物中吸附和累积都具有林内含量高于林边缘,林边缘含量高于低潮光滩的特征;有机碳和黑碳对低环多环芳烃的影响不显著,但对高环多环芳烃影响显著,黑碳较之有机碳对高环多环芳烃具有更强的吸附能力.     

Influence of rice straw burning on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural county of Taiwan

Atmospheric particulate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) size distribution were measured at Jhu-Shan (a rural site) and Sin-Gang (a town site) in central Taiwan during the rice straw burning and non-burning periods. The concentrations of total PAHs accounting for a roughly 58% (34%) increment in the concentrations of total PAHs due to rice-straw burning. Combustion-related PAHs during burning periods were 1.54–2.57 times higher than those during non-burning periods. The mass median diameter (MMD) of 0.88–1.21 m in the particulate phase suggested that rice-straw burning generated the increase in coarse particle number. Chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model analyses showed that the primary pollution sources at the two sites were similar. However, ricestraw burning emission was specifically identified as a significant source of PAH during burning periods at the two sites. Open burning of rice straws was estimated to contribute approximately 6.3%–24.6% to total atmospheric PAHs at the two sites.     

炼油厂废渣碱水去除石油类和硫化物的试验研究

通过试验研究,在停留时间为8h左右,生物曝气滤池（BAF）工艺对碱水二级处理效率高,碱水经过处理后,石油类的平均去除率达到89％,硫化物的平均去除率达到99％。研究结果表明,BAF是一种高效的处理方法,适合炼油厂碱水的净化治理。     

南方某幼儿园儿童尿液中菲单羟基代谢物浓度分析

为了解我国南方某城市儿童尿液中单羟基菲的含量,于2007年11月采集该市一幼儿园80名4-6岁儿童尿样。尿液经过酶解、固相萃取(SPE)富集、净化,采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器检测,共检测出4种单羟基菲,且以9-羟基菲为主。除4-羟基菲的检出率为53.75％外,其余单羟基菲的检出率近乎100％。各单羟基菲的中位数分别为...     

几种低分子量有机酸和氨基酸对黄棕壤吸附菲的影响

采用批量平衡试验方法,研究了根系分泌物中几种常见的低分子量有机酸(LMWOA)和氨基酸对黄棕壤吸附菲的影响.结果表明,在供试有机酸和氨基酸的影响下黄棕壤对菲的等温吸附曲线仍呈显著的线性关系,分配作用是黄棕壤吸附菲的主导机制,供试LMWOA和氨基酸对黄棕壤吸附菲有抑制作用,且加入量越大,抑制作用越强.与氨基酸相比,LMW...     

石油污染土壤对黄豆生长的影响

通过盆栽实验,研究了不同石油烃质量比对黄豆幼苗叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)含量和SOD活性的影响;通过田间实验,探讨了石油烃对黄豆生长性状、籽粒品质和土壤中微生物群落的影响.结果表明,石油烃质量比为3 000～5 000 mg·kg-1时,对黄豆幼苗叶绿素质量比、MDA含量和SOD活性无显著影响;质量比达到10 000 mg·kg-1时,叶绿素质量比和SOD活性分别降低10.8%和9.8%,MDA含量增加12.4%.田间实验发现,10 000 mg·kg-1处理对黄豆中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪质量分数和出苗率无显著影响,但对黄豆多数生长性状影响显著,有明显毒害作用.土壤中石油烃质量比达到30 000～50 000 mg·kg-1 时,黄豆株高、单株荚数、肉荚比、百粒重、根重、单株产量、生物量、出苗率、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪质量分数显著下降;苯并[a]芘质量比达到5.32～5.59 μg·kg-1,高于国家食品标准所规定的限量(＜5 μg·kg-1);微生物数量,特别是嗜油菌数量显著增加.