我国主要地区表层沉积物中16种PAHs的污染特征

为全面了解我国表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染状况,对近10年文献报道的105组数据进行整理归纳,分析了我国沉积物中16种PAHs污染水平、组成特征和空间分布特征.结果表明,我国主要地区表层沉积物中PAHs质量比范围为ND(未检出)～27 510 ng/g,均值和中位值分别为789.1 ng/g和477.0 ng/g,总体处于中度污染水平;其中,高相对分子质量PAHs占61.6％.按水体类型分,河湖沉积物中PAHs质量比中位值高于近海;按地域分,河湖沉积物中PAHs质量比中位值分布呈西部和北部偏高、东部和南部偏低的特点;近海沉积物中黄海PAHs质量比中位值偏高,其他海域相近.这主要与气候条件、能源消耗、产业结构和水动力学等因素有关.目前,我国沉积物中PAHs生态风险整体偏低,但局部地区污染严重,会对当地产生一定生态影响.     

新乡市地表水中多环芳烃的分布特征及生态风险

利用GC-MS测定了新乡市地表水中15种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,分析了其组成特征,并通过安全阈值(MOS10)法评价了新乡市地表水中PAHs的生态风险.结果表明,新乡市地表水中PAHs的含量为369—4248 ng·L,与国内其他河流相比,污染水平较高.PAHs的组成以3环和4环为主,分别占总量的41.3%和40.3%.新乡市地表水中单种PAHs对水生生物的生态风险大小依次为蒽(Ant)菲(Phe)芘(Pyr)苯并[a]芘(Ba P)荧蒽(Flua)芴(Flu)苊(Ace),其中Ant和Phe的暴露浓度超过影响10%水生生物的概率分别为30.2%和10.4%,具有潜在生态风险;Ace、Flu、Flua、Pyr和Ba P的暴露浓度超过影响10%的水生生物的概率分别为0.85%、1.96%、4.26%、6.71%和5.69%,生态风险较低.联合生态风险评价结果表明,新乡市地表水中∑PAH7等效浓度超过影响10%水生生物的概率为43.7%,大于任何单种PAHs对水生生物的生态风险,主要河流的生态风险从大到小依次为金堤河(56.6%)共产主义渠(43.0%)天然文岩渠(16.4%).     

基于物种敏感性分布的保护海水水生生物的石油烃急性毒性基准研究

溢油污染对水生生物的危害以及分散剂使用对原油毒性的影响一直是溢油应急响应及危害评估时关注的焦点。本研究收集筛选了基于标准测试方法的90组急性毒性数据(LC50/EC50),其中37组毒性数据来自15种油品的水容纳组分(water accommodated fraction,WAF),53组来自11种化学分散剂与15种油品的分散液(chemically dispersed water accommodated fraction,CEWAF),应用物种敏感性分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)方法推导了基于水生生物保护的石油烃总量(total petroleum hydrocarbon,TPH)的急性毒性基准值,同时还分析了分散剂和不同暴露方式对原油毒性的影响。结果显示,以名义浓度(nominal concentrations)所表示的毒性结果可能高估分散剂对原油毒性的影响,基于CEWAF和WAF的LC50/EC50所推导的有害浓度(HC5s)差异较小,计算出的保护水生生物TPH急性毒性基准值为0.38 mg·L-1(TPH);鱼类对原油污染的响应明显敏感于甲壳类;同时证明了SSD方法在溢油毒性评估及风险阈值推导中具有可行性和合理性。     

Impacts of produced water origin on bacterial community structures of activated sludge

The purpose of this study was to reveal how activated sludge communities respond to influent quality and indigenous communities by treating two produced waters from different origins in a batch reactor in succession. The community shift and compositions were investigated using Polymerase Chain Reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR–DGGE) and further16 S ribosomal DNA(r DNA) clone library analysis. The abundance of targeted genes for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) degradation, nah Ac/phn Ac and C12O/C23 O, was tracked to define the metabolic ability of the in situ microbial community by Most Probable Number(MPN) PCR. The biosystem performed almost the same for treatment of both produced waters in terms of removals of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and PAHs. Sludge communities were closely associated with the respective influent bacterial communities(similarity 60%), while one sludge clone library was dominated by the Betaproteobacteria(38%) and Bacteriodetes(30%)and the other was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria(52%). This suggested that different influent and water quality have an effect on sludge community compositions. In addition, the existence of catabolic genes in sludge was consistent with the potential for degradation of PAHs in the treatment of both produced waters.     

成渝经济区河流表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布、 来源及生态风险评价

采用GC-MS分析了成渝经济区内六大水系（长江、 岷江、 沱江、 涪江、 渠江以及嘉陵江）中19个表层沉积物样品的16种美国EPA优先控制多环芳烃（∑PAHs）.结果表明,∑PAHs的含量范围为48.2 ～723.1 ng/g（平均276.1 ng/g）,最高值在长江流域石门子采样点,最低值在涪江流域百倾采样点.各流域表层沉积物中∑PAH₁₆含量总体趋势为：长江(358.6 ng/g) ＞ 岷江(322.2 ng/g) ＞ 沱江(292.7 ng/g) ＞ 渠江(260.6 ng/g) ＞ 嘉陵江(240.2 ng/g) ＞ 涪江(82.4 ng/g).沉积物中PAHs组成为： 2 ～ 3环占15.1% ～ 52.3%、 4环占24.4% ～ 44.5%、 5 ～ 6环占3.3% ～ 56.9%.采用分子比值法c_An/c_{(An+ Phe)}、 c_FlA/c_{(FlA + Pyr)}以及c_InP /c_{(InP + BghiP)}分析污染来源,表明各流域表层沉积物中PAHs主要源于草、 木和煤的燃烧及石化产品的燃烧.采用表观效应阈值法进行生态风险评价,表明表层沉积物中的PAHs对生态环境的影响目前还处于较低风险水平.     

Concentration and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalic acid esters in the surface water of the Yangtze River Delta, China

The pollution from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in the surface water of the rapidly urbanized Yangtze River Delta region was investigated. Fourteen surface water samples were collected in June 2010. Water samples were liquid-liquid extracted using methylene chloride and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Concentrations of PAHs and PAEs ranged 12.9-638.1 ng/L and 61-28550 ng/L, respectively. Fluoranthene, naphthalene, pyrene, phenanthrene, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, and di-n-butyl phthalate were the most abundant compounds in the samples. The water samples were moderately polluted with benzo[a]pyrene according to China's environmental quality standard for surface water. The two highest concentrations of PAHs and PAEs occurred in samples from Taihu Lake, Wuxi City and the western section of Yangchenghu Lake. Potential sources of pollution at S7 were petroleum combustion and the plastics industry, and at Yangchenghu Lake were petroleum combustion and domestic waste. Pollution in samples from the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal originated from diesel engines. There were no obvious sources of pollution for the other water samples. These results can be used as reference levels for future monitoring programs of pollution from PAHs and PAEs.     

Characterization of contamination, source and degradation of petroleum between upland and paddy fields based on geochemical characteristics and phospholipid fatty acids

To evaluate contamination caused by petroleum, surface soil samples were collected from both upland and paddy fields along the irrigation canals in the Hunpu wastewater irrigation region in northeast China. N-alkanes, terpanes, steranes, and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) in the surface soil samples were analyzed. The aliphatic hydrocarbon concentration was highest in the samples obtained from the upland field near an operational oil well; it was lowest at I-3P where wastewater irrigation promoted the downward movement of hydrocarbons. The Hunpu region was found contaminated by heavy petroleum from oxic lacustrine fresh water or marine deltaic source rocks. Geochemical parameters also indicated significantly heavier contamination and degradation in the upland fields compared with the paddy fields. Principal component analysis based on PLFA showed various microbial communities between petroleum contaminated upland and paddy fields. Gram-negative bacteria indicated by 15:0, 3OH 12:0, and 16:1(9) were significantly higher in the paddy fields, whereas Gram-positive bacteria indicated by i16:0 and 18:1(9)c were significantly higher in the upland fields (p < 0.05). These PLFAs were related to petroleum contamination. Poly-unsaturated PLFA (18:2ωup6, 9; indicative of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and fungi) was also significantly elevated in the upland fields. This paper recommends more sensitive indicators of contamination and degradation of petroleum in soil. The results also provide guidelines on soil pollution control and remediation in the Hunpu region and other similar regions.     

Effect of organic wastes on the plant-microbe remediation for removal of aged PAHs in soils

The effectiveness of in-situ bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be inhibited by low nutrients and organic carbon. To evaluate the effect of organic wastes on the PAHs removal efficiency of a plant-microbe remediation system, contaminated agricultural soils were amended with different dosages of sewage sludge (SS) and cattle manure (CM) in the presence of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and PAHs-degraders (Bacillus sp. and Flavobacterium sp.). The results indicated that the alfalfa mean biomasses varied from 0.56 to 2.23 g/pot in root dry weight and from 1.80 to 4.88 g/pot in shoot dry weight. Low dose amendments, with rates of SS at 0.1% and CM at 1%, had prominent effects on plant growth and soil PAHs degradation. After 60-day incubation, compared with about 5.6% in the control, 25.8% PAHs removal was observed for treatments in the presence of alfalfa and PAHs-degraders; furthermore, when amended with different dosages of SS and CM, the removed PAHs from soils increased by 35.5%-44.9% and 25.5%-42.3%, respectively. In particular, the degradation of high-molecular-weight PAHs was up to 42.4%. Dehydrogenase activities (DH) ranged between 0.41 and 1.83 μupg triphenylformazan/(g dry soil. hr) and the numbers of PAHs-degrading microbes (PDM) ranged from 1.14× 10⁶ to 16.6× 10⁶ most-probable-number/g dry soil. Further investigation of the underlying microbial mechanism revealed that both DH and PDM were stimulated by the addition of organic wastes and significantly correlated with the removal ratio of PAHs. In conclusion, the effect of organic waste application on soil PAHs removal to a great extent is dependent on the interactional effect of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in organic waste and soil microorganisms.     

广州珠江表层沉积物中石油烃分布特征研究

对珠江广州段7个采样点的表层沉积物中的石油烃浓度进行了测定,结果表明广州珠江表层沉积物中的石油烃污浓度水平在288.62~725.13μg/g之间。市区南航道、后航道浓度相对较高,前航道黄埔涌口(Ⅶ号点)附近石油烃浓度已接近海洋第二类沉积物标准值;西航道至前航道和南航道、平洲水道至后航道沿程石油类浓度与有机质含量逐渐升高,说明广州市区是造成石油及有机污染的主要区域。与有机质含量及沉积物粒度的相关性分析发现,表层沉积物中石油烃浓度与有机质水平存在非常显著的正相关关系(相关系数r=0.987,P<0.01);与粘粒组分存在显著的正相关关系,相关系数(r=0.885,P<0.05),而与砂粒组分成非常显著的负相关关系(r=-0.919,P<0.01)。     

苯及其衍生物在Pluronic嵌段共聚物胶束水溶液中的增溶

用紫外光谱方法考察 35℃时苯、甲苯、二甲苯和氯苯在Pluronic嵌段共聚物F12 7和P12 3胶束中的增溶 .实验发现 ,当Pluronic嵌段共聚物胶束内核成分固定时 ,增溶量随内核体积 (对苯与氯苯系统 ,还包括栅栏层 )增大而线性增加 ,苯、甲苯、二甲苯和氯苯在每个胶束的最大增溶分子数分别为 4.4× 10 3、2 .3× 10 3、1.4× 10 3 和 7.1× 10 3 个 (F12 7)以及 11× 10 3、6 .8×10 3、4.2× 10 3 和 18× 10 3 个 (P12 3) ,这表明F12 7和P12 3是优良的芳香烃化合物增溶载体 .当苯环上增加甲基时 ,头一个甲基(甲苯 )对增溶量的影响比第二个甲基 (二甲苯 )的影响剧烈