石油化工场地环境评价

介绍了石油化工场地环境评价的程序和方法,内容主要包括石油化工场地环境评价的基本内容、土壤和地下水监测点位的布设、样品的采集与保存、样品的预处理及分析、质量控制等.     

Perfluorinated Surfactants in Surface and Drinking Waters (9 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope In this paper recent results are provided of an investigation on the discovery of 12 perfluorinated surfactants (PS) in different surface and drinking waters (Skutlarek et al. 2006 a, Skutlarek et al. 2006 b). In the last years, many studies have reported ubiquitous distribution of this group of perfluorinated chemicals, especially perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the environment, particularly in wildlife animal and human samples (Giesy and Kannan 2001, Houde et al. 2006, Prevedouros et al. 2006). Perfluorinated surfactants (e.g. PFOS and PFOA) have shown different potentials for reproductory interference and carcinogenity in animal experiments as well as partly long half-lives in humans (Guruge et al. 2006, FSA UK 2006a, FSA UK 2006b, 3M 2005, OECD 2002, Yao and Zhong 2005). They possess compound-dependent extreme recalcitrance against microbiological and chemical degradation and, in addition, they show variable potentials for bioaccumulation in animals and humans (Houde et al. 2006). Materials and Methods: Surface and drinking water samples were collected from different sampling sites: - Surface waters: samples taken from the rivers Rhine, Ruhr, Moehne and some of their tributaries. Further samples were taken from the Rhine-Herne-Canal and the Wesel-Datteln-Canal. - Drinking waters: samples taken in public buildings of the Rhine-Ruhr area. After sample clean-up and concentration by solid-phase extraction, the perfluorinated surfactants were determined using HPLC-MS/MS. Results: All measured concentrations (sum of seven mainly detected components) in the Rhine river and its main tributaries (mouths) were determined below 100 ng/L. The Ruhr river (tributary of the Rhine) showed the highest concentration (94 ng/L), but with a completely different pattern of components (PFOA as major component), as compared with the other tributaries and the Rhine river. Further investigations along the Ruhr river showed remarkably high concentrations of PS in the upper reaches of the Ruhr river and the Moehne river (tributary of the Ruhr) (Ruhr: up to 446 ng/L, Moehne: up to 4385 ng/L). The maximum concentration of all drinking water samples taken in the Rhine-Ruhr area was determined at 598 ng/L with the major component PFOA (519 ng/L). Discussion: The surface water contaminations most likely stem from contaminated inorganic and organic waste materials (so-called 'Abfallgemisch'). This waste material was legally applied to several agricultural areas on the upper reaches of the Moehne. Perfluorinated surfactants could be detected in some suchlike soil samples. They contaminated the river and the reservoir belonging to it, likely by superficial run-off over several months or probably years. Downstream, dilution effects are held responsible for decreasing concentrations of PS in surface waters of the Moehne and the Ruhr river. In analogy to the surface water samples, PS (major component PFOA) can be determined in many drinking water samples of the Rhine-Ruhr area where the water supplies are mainly based on bank filtration and artificial recharge. Conclusions: The concentrations found in drinking waters decreased with the concentrations of the corresponding raw water samples along the flow direction of the Ruhr river (from east to west) and were not significantly different from surface water concentrations. This indicates that perfluorinated surfactants are at present not successfully removed by water treatment steps. Recommendations and Perspectives: Because of their different problematic properties (persistence, mobility, toxicity, bioaccumulation), the concentrations of specific perfluorinated surfactants and their precursors in drinking waters and food have to be minimised. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to take the initiative to establish suitable legal regulations (limitations/ban) concerning the production and use of these surfactants and their precursors. Furthermore, it is indispensable to protect water resources from these compounds. A discussion on appropriate limit values in drinking water and foodstuffs is urgently needed. Concerning the assumed soil contamination, the corresponding regulation (Bioabfall-Verordnung 1998 – Regulation on Organic Waste 1998) should be extended to allow the control of relevant organic pollutants.     

Pipeline leakage detection and isolation: An integrated approach of statistical and wavelet feature extraction with multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLPNN)

Leakage diagnosis of hydrocarbon pipelines can prevent environmental and financial losses. This work proposes a novel method that not only detects the occurrence of a leakage fault, but also suggests its location and severity. The OLGA software is employed to provide the pipeline inlet pressure and outlet flow rates as the training data for the Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) system. The FDI system is comprised of a Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network (MLPNN) classifier with various feature extraction methods including the statistical techniques, wavelet transform, and a fusion of both methods. Once different leakage scenarios are considered and the preprocessing methods are done, the proposed FDI system is applied to a 20-km pipeline in southern Iran (Goldkari-Binak pipeline) and a promising severity and location detectability (a correct classification rate of 92%) and a low False Alarm Rate (FAR) were achieved.     

固井水泥作业场所粉尘治理及效果评价

对油田固井水泥生产和使用作业场所进行了劳动卫生学调查,对粉尘污染严重的立式散装水泥储存罐尾气口排放、水泥裸口装卸、水泥与外加剂干混工艺进行了技术改造和粉尘治理,使作业场所空气中粉尘浓度由平均49.94 mg/m3降至1.19 mg/m3,除尘效率达97.81%,效果明显。     

应用化学清洗剂去除包气带石油污染物的实验研究

本文探讨了应用化学法清除包气带残油的技术，研究分两个方面，（１）分析包气带土壤与第四纪沉积物对石油烃类的吸附特征，（二）在对单种表面活性剂优选的基础上，确定了清洗效率较高的阴离子－非离子表面活性剂的混合配方，通过一次性淋洗和土柱淋洗实验，了解表面活性剂等清洗剂对油类物质的去除效率。     

含油固体废弃物综合利用技术的研究

就油田含油固体废弃物的存放及其对周边环境存在的潜在隐患 ,全面分析了该废弃物的组成与成分 ,并介绍了几种可用于石油污染土壤治理技术的方法特点 ,尤其是针对这种固体含量和油分含量皆较高的含油固体废弃物 ,开展了综合利用治理技术方面的试验 ,以固体废弃物细粉作为制砖助燃配料成分 ,考查了砖块质量与细粉掺入量及其他因素之间的关系 ,取得了较好的效果     

PFOS前体物质(PreFOSs)降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从氟化工厂附近土壤中分离出1株能以全氟辛烷磺酸前体物质(Pre FOSs)为唯一碳源和能源生长的降解菌PF1,经形态观察及16S r DNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定该菌为生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium sp.).在温度为30℃、p H为7.0~7.2条件下,菌株PF1对全氟辛基磺酰胺(PFOSA)和N-乙基全氟辛基磺酰胺(N-Et FOSA)48 h降解率分别为14.6%和8.2%,对PFOS无降解能力.对降解产物进行检测和分析,结果表明PFOSA的降解产物为PFOS;N-Et FOSA能被降解生成PFOSA和PFOS,同时也产生少量的全氟辛基磺酰胺乙酸(FOSAA).由此推断Pre FOSs降解途径,在菌株PF1的作用下,PFOSA脱去氨基直接转化成PFOS.NEt FOSA主要有2种降解途径:(1)N-Et FOSA脱乙基产生PFOSA,PFOSA再进一步脱氨基生成PFOS,此为主要途径;(2)NEt FOSA中的N-乙基被氧化成乙酸基生成FOSAA,FOSAA进一步脱去乙酸基生成PFOSA,并最终脱氨基生成PFOS.     

污染场地总石油类馏分分段法风险评估

在对某汽车工业污染场地开展土壤与地下水环境调查的基础上,根据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》中的推荐模型,采用馏分分段法对总石油类进行风险评估研究。结果表明,1)该场地主要污染物为总石油类,土壤污染物中C12~C16脂肪烃的非致癌危害商在敏感用地和非敏感用地两种用地方式下均大于1,地下水污染物中C8~C10脂肪烃、C12~C16脂肪烃、C16~C21脂肪烃、C21~C34脂肪烃、C21~C35芳香烃的非致癌危害商在两种用地方式下均远大于1;2)敏感用地方式下,土壤中总石油类的修复限值为1 023.92mg/kg,地下水中总石油类的修复限值为1.805 mg/L;3)非敏感用地方式下,土壤中总石油类修复限值为3 292.92 mg/kg,地下水中总石油类的修复限值为11.457 mg/L。     

Determination of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in water and suspended particulate matter in the river Elbe and North Sea, Germany

The distribution of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in the dissolved and particulate phase and their discharge from the river Elbe into the North Sea were studied. The PFCs quantified included C₄-C₈ perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), C₆ and C₈ perfluorinated sulfinates (PFSiAs), C₄-C₁₂ perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoro-3,7-dimethyl-octanoic acid (3,7m₂-PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), and n-ethyl perfluroctane sulfonamidoethanol (EtFOSE). PFCs were mostly distributed in the dissolved phase, where perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dominated with 2.9–12.5 ng/L. In the suspended particulate matter FOSA and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) showed the highest concentrations (4.0 ng/L and 2.3 ng/L, respectively). The total flux of ΣPFCs from the river Elbe was estimated to be 802 kg/year for the dissolved phase and 152 kg/year for the particulate phase. This indicates that the river Elbe acts as a source of PFCs into the North Sea. However, the concentrations of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) in the North Sea were higher than that in the river Elbe, thus an alternative source must exist for these compounds.     

Selective sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate on molecularly imprinted polymer adsorbents

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), as a potential persistent organic pollutant, has been widely detected in water environments, and has become a great concern in recent years. PFOS is very stable and difficult to decompose using conventional techniques. Sorption may be an attractive method to remove it from water. In this study, the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) adsorbents were prepared through the polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine under different preparation conditions in order to remove perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from water. The MIP adsorbents using perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as the template had good imprinting effects and could selectively remove PFOS from aqueous solution. The sorption behaviors including sorption kinetics, isotherms, and effect of pH, salt, and competitive anions were investigated. Experimental results showed that the sorption of PFOS on the MIP adsorbents was very fast, pH-dependent, and highly selective. The achieved fast sorption equilibrium within 1 h was attributed to the surface sorption on the fine adsorbents. The sorption isotherms showed that the sorption selectivity of PFOS on the MIP adsorbents decreased at high PFOS concentrations, which may be due to the double-layer sorption and the formation of PFOS micelles on the sorbent surface. The sorption of PFOS on the MIP adsorbents was mainly dominated by the electrostatic interaction between the protonated vinylpyridine on the adsorbent surface and the anionic PFOS. The prepared MIP adsorbents can potentially be applied in water and wastewater treatment for selective removal of PFOS.