试论石油企业环境监测机构的现状及发展

文章分析了石油企业环境监测机构的现状,明确了石油企业环境监测机构的工作立足点。同时,在中国石油天然气集团公司创建综合性国际能源公司、深化HSE体系推进的大背景下,对各油气田企业环境监测机构的未来与发展进行探讨,并结合实际提出较为合理的发展设想。     

由石油类应急监测现状探寻水中石油类监测的突破

突发环境事件发生后,对污染物质、污染物浓度、污染范围及其动态变化情况进行监测是环境应急监测的基本工作要求。在不能利用管理手段有效获取污染来源等信息的情况下,开展溯源应急监测成为突发环境事件处理处置的重要需求。然而通过资料调研及应急监测案例分析发现,石油类水体突发环境事件应急监测大多存在采样代表性不够、溯源手段不健全、特征污染物监测不全面,以及现行石油类监测方法不能完整说清污染状况等问题或不足。因此,建议通过优化整合水中石油类指标监测标准,构建与石油类污染特征相适应的技术规范及配套监测分析方法,以达到精准、全面反映石油类水体污染状况的目的。     

典型石油炼制厂地下水中优先控制污染物识别方法的建立和验证

为识别反映地下水质量的优先控制污染物,基于污染物危害性评价体系,结合某炼厂污染物的检出率、检出浓度和超标倍数,建立了石油炼化企业地下水中优先控制污染物识别方法;采用该方法对石油炼制厂地下水污染物进行了筛选研究。结果表明,石油炼化行业地下水中优先控制污染物清单包括苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、石油烃、苯酚、挥发性酚类、砷、铅和锰等10种5类污染物。研究结果与实验监测结果具有一致性,石油炼化厂地下水污染应优先控制清单中污染物,尤其是苯系物和石油烃。     

含油固体废弃物综合利用技术的研究

就油田含油固体废弃物的存放及其对周边环境存在的潜在隐患 ,全面分析了该废弃物的组成与成分 ,并介绍了几种可用于石油污染土壤治理技术的方法特点 ,尤其是针对这种固体含量和油分含量皆较高的含油固体废弃物 ,开展了综合利用治理技术方面的试验 ,以固体废弃物细粉作为制砖助燃配料成分 ,考查了砖块质量与细粉掺入量及其他因素之间的关系 ,取得了较好的效果     

岩溶断层区含油废水溢流地下水污染风险评价

岩溶地下水是西南岩溶地区重要的生活和生产用水来源,由于其赋存地质环境复杂,受到污染后极难治理。以某含油废水溢流区为研究对象,通过调查污染区域的地质结构、溶洞通道及断层情况,评估污染物的来源、分布范围及主要迁移通道,构建基于地下水自净能力的地下水污染风险评价模型。结果表明：研究区石油烃 (C10~C40) 、氰化物和甲苯污染严重,三者检出率分别为98.7%,75.3%和59.7%,包气带内仍存在大量的石油类污染物,其质量为14.07 t;岩溶断层区地下水系统存在2条岩溶通道,且石油类污染物主要通过第一条通道迁移;地下水中石油类污染物的自然衰减过程符合指数型衰减特征;人工冲洗情景下,污染物和示踪剂浓度下降速度加快,地下水自净能力显著提高;岩溶断层区地下水污染风险指数与泉流量之间呈现负相关关系。该研究成果可为岩溶断层区含油废水溢流地下水污染的自然衰减式治理和风险防控提供参考。     

Perfluorinated Surfactants in Surface and Drinking Waters (9 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope In this paper recent results are provided of an investigation on the discovery of 12 perfluorinated surfactants (PS) in different surface and drinking waters (Skutlarek et al. 2006 a, Skutlarek et al. 2006 b). In the last years, many studies have reported ubiquitous distribution of this group of perfluorinated chemicals, especially perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the environment, particularly in wildlife animal and human samples (Giesy and Kannan 2001, Houde et al. 2006, Prevedouros et al. 2006). Perfluorinated surfactants (e.g. PFOS and PFOA) have shown different potentials for reproductory interference and carcinogenity in animal experiments as well as partly long half-lives in humans (Guruge et al. 2006, FSA UK 2006a, FSA UK 2006b, 3M 2005, OECD 2002, Yao and Zhong 2005). They possess compound-dependent extreme recalcitrance against microbiological and chemical degradation and, in addition, they show variable potentials for bioaccumulation in animals and humans (Houde et al. 2006). Materials and Methods: Surface and drinking water samples were collected from different sampling sites: - Surface waters: samples taken from the rivers Rhine, Ruhr, Moehne and some of their tributaries. Further samples were taken from the Rhine-Herne-Canal and the Wesel-Datteln-Canal. - Drinking waters: samples taken in public buildings of the Rhine-Ruhr area. After sample clean-up and concentration by solid-phase extraction, the perfluorinated surfactants were determined using HPLC-MS/MS. Results: All measured concentrations (sum of seven mainly detected components) in the Rhine river and its main tributaries (mouths) were determined below 100 ng/L. The Ruhr river (tributary of the Rhine) showed the highest concentration (94 ng/L), but with a completely different pattern of components (PFOA as major component), as compared with the other tributaries and the Rhine river. Further investigations along the Ruhr river showed remarkably high concentrations of PS in the upper reaches of the Ruhr river and the Moehne river (tributary of the Ruhr) (Ruhr: up to 446 ng/L, Moehne: up to 4385 ng/L). The maximum concentration of all drinking water samples taken in the Rhine-Ruhr area was determined at 598 ng/L with the major component PFOA (519 ng/L). Discussion: The surface water contaminations most likely stem from contaminated inorganic and organic waste materials (so-called 'Abfallgemisch'). This waste material was legally applied to several agricultural areas on the upper reaches of the Moehne. Perfluorinated surfactants could be detected in some suchlike soil samples. They contaminated the river and the reservoir belonging to it, likely by superficial run-off over several months or probably years. Downstream, dilution effects are held responsible for decreasing concentrations of PS in surface waters of the Moehne and the Ruhr river. In analogy to the surface water samples, PS (major component PFOA) can be determined in many drinking water samples of the Rhine-Ruhr area where the water supplies are mainly based on bank filtration and artificial recharge. Conclusions: The concentrations found in drinking waters decreased with the concentrations of the corresponding raw water samples along the flow direction of the Ruhr river (from east to west) and were not significantly different from surface water concentrations. This indicates that perfluorinated surfactants are at present not successfully removed by water treatment steps. Recommendations and Perspectives: Because of their different problematic properties (persistence, mobility, toxicity, bioaccumulation), the concentrations of specific perfluorinated surfactants and their precursors in drinking waters and food have to be minimised. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to take the initiative to establish suitable legal regulations (limitations/ban) concerning the production and use of these surfactants and their precursors. Furthermore, it is indispensable to protect water resources from these compounds. A discussion on appropriate limit values in drinking water and foodstuffs is urgently needed. Concerning the assumed soil contamination, the corresponding regulation (Bioabfall-Verordnung 1998 – Regulation on Organic Waste 1998) should be extended to allow the control of relevant organic pollutants.     

孕哺期全氟辛烷磺酸染毒对大鼠海马细胞钙稳态的影响

为了阐明孕哺期全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)染毒对大鼠及其仔鼠海马细胞钙稳态的影响,将妊娠Wistar大鼠30只,从妊娠第1天开始对实验组分别以72 mg·kg-1(low,L)、14.4 mg·kg-1(high,H)(以饲料中的PFOS计)的PFOS进行染毒至仔鼠生后3...     

我国污染场地土壤石油烃环境质量标准体系的现状与趋势

石油烃污染场地已经成为国内外重点关注的工业污染场地类型之一。国内基于人体健康风险的污染场地管理模式及分层次评估方法已经展现雏形,为风险管理者提供了基于人体健康的土壤石油烃风险筛选值和管制值,也为污染场地的防治与修复工作提供了决策支持。在前人研究的基础上,梳理了国内土壤环境质量标准体系的建立与发展历程,分析了石油烃类污染物检测方法的现状与未来发展趋势,并着重对比与分析了各标准制订的石油烃及其指示化合物的风险评估筛选值。目前面临的关键问题:①完善石油烃监测指标体系及分析方法是精准获得风险评估结果的前提。现有石油烃馏分指标划分较为宽泛,有必要参考国外先进标准体系,逐渐完善石油烃馏分指标划分及其配套的定量分析方法。②新颁布的国家建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准在前期场地调查中具有一定的普遍适用性,但是考虑到地域建筑物参数、人群暴露参数等的差异性,在后期场地调查中还需要因地制宜地制定适合污染场地的具体修复目标值,并针对关键性参数作定量化解析。     

水环境中石油类物质分析方法探讨

在详述了国内外石油类分析方法的基础上,对各方法的适用范围、优缺点及可比性进行了深入分析,阐述了各类方法存在的共性问题,指出按照石油类物质毒性大小分别定量分析的方法将是未来的发展趋势。     

生物菌剂对石油污染土壤生物修复作用的研究

在实验室条件下,研究了生物菌剂的投加量、投加方式及环境温度对石油污染土壤的修复作用 结果表明,土壤中石油烃的降解效果与生物菌剂的投加量呈正相关,当生物菌剂投加量为0.6mg·kg^-1时,修复,48 d 后,石油烃的降解率为87%.GC-MS分析结果表明,石油污染原土中烷烃的含量最高为82.1%其次为烯烃,含量为16%,还含有少量的胡萝卜烷、烷基萘、甾烷和藿烷% 添加生物菌剂修复40 d 后,峰的数量由32个减少为14个,表明异构烷烃、烯烃、胡萝卜烷全部被降解,残留的物质为较难降解的正构烷烃、藿烷和甾烷,呈现前高后低的峰形,即接种细菌优先降解高碳组分,将长链的烷烃降解为短链的烷烃,随着生物菌剂投加量的增加,土壤中残留石油烃的含量逐渐降低% 一次加入生物菌剂修复,48 d后的峰高明显低于分2 次加入的相应值,故一次性全部加入生物菌剂是最佳的投加方式% 温度是限制石油污染土壤生物修复的重要环境因素,当温度为30℃第,48 d 的降解率可达80%,当温度为20℃,第,48 d的降解率可达60%,温度高有利于土壤中石油烃的降解,加快修复