石油污染地下水有机污染组分特征及其环境指示效应

通过采集我国北方某污染场地地下水样品,用GC-MS扫描分析石油烃成分及含量,研究油田开采情况下石油烃污染物在地下水中的分布变化及其对环境的指示作用.结果表明,地下水中总石油烃(TPH)均值为4.75mg/L;组分包括烷烃、芳香烃、酯类、醛类以及醇类等有机化合物,烷烃类含量最高,占总油百分含量平均值为65.6%;沿着地下水流向烷烃和芳香烃所占百分含量减少,分别从70.05%和14.56%下降至57.72%和10.58%,而非烃类逐渐富集,其百分含量从15.39%增加至31.72%.由样品色谱参数可知:场地Pr/Ph值在0.73~1.27之间,表明地下水处于缺氧的还原环境;Pr/C17值在0.42~1.51之间;Ph/C18值在0.61~1.30之间,指示出较强的微生物作用;细菌数与非烃类含量、Pr/C17以及Ph/C18之间呈现出正线性相关性,Pr/C17和Ph/C18值越大微生物作用越强.不同季节对石油烃浓度变化也有一定影响.     

Ecotoxicological effects of waterborne PFOS exposure on swimming performance and energy expenditure in juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus)

The potential risks of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are of increasing ecological concern. Swimming performance is linked to the fitness and health of fish. However, the impacts of PFOS on swimming performance remain largely unknown. We investigated the ecotoxicological effects of acute exposure to PFOS on the swimming performance and energy expenditure of juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus). The fish were exposed to a range of PFOS concentrations (0, 0.5, 2, 8 and 32 mg/L) for 48 hr. The spontaneous swimming activity, fast-start swimming performance, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and active metabolic rate (AMR) of the goldfish were examined after exposure to PFOS. PFOS exposure resulted in remarkable effects on spontaneous activity. Motion distance was reduced, and the proportion of motionless time increased with increasing concentrations of PFOS. However, no significant alterations in the fast-start performance-related kinematic parameters, such as latency time, maximum linear velocity, maximum linear acceleration or escape distance during the first 120 msec after stimulus, were observed after PFOS exposure. Unexpectedly, although PFOS exposure had marked influences on the swimming oxygen consumption rates and AMR of goldfish, the U crit of the goldfish was not significantly affected by PFOS. This may result in a noteworthy increase in the energetic cost of transport. The overall results indicate that, in contrast to spontaneous activity, underlying swimming capabilities are maintained in goldfish after short-term exposure to PFOS, but energy expenditure during the process of swimming is dramatically aggravated.     

陕北石油污染土壤微生物种群变化及影响因素

采集陕北地区10个产油区县的石油污染土壤和洁净土壤,利用化学分析法和分子生物学技术对土壤理化性质和细菌群落结构进行测定,采用Pearson相关性分析和冗余分析研究石油污染对土壤理化性质、微生物种群分布和多样性的影响.结果表明,与未受污染土壤相比,石油污染土壤的NO₃^--N、总有机碳、全碳、全硫含量和碳氮比增加,pH值减小;土壤细菌群落均匀度明显降低,丰富度无明显变化.不同地区土壤受到石油污染后,一些优势细菌的相对丰度变化明显.变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）的相对丰度变化与石油烃含量呈显著正相关,Candidatus Saccharibacteria的相对丰度变化与石油烃含量呈极显著负相关.定边、靖边、子长、绥德、吴起、安塞和富县石油污染土壤中假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、诺卡氏菌属（Nocardioides）、节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、Alkanindiges、Gaiella和Gp4相对丰度显著增加;定边、靖边、子长和绥德石油污染土壤中Ohtaekwangia、假诺卡氏菌属（Pseudonocardia）、Ramlibacter、Sacchariacteria_genera_incertae_sedis相对丰度显著降低.假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、诺卡氏菌属（Nocardioides）、节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）和Alkanindiges为陕北地区石油污染土壤中的主要“嗜油菌”.土壤pH值、含水率、总石油烃和总有机碳等理化性质是影响陕北油田区石油污染土壤微生物种群结构的关键因素.     

鄂尔多斯某区域石油开发生态环境变化分析

通过回顾鄂尔多斯盆地某地区石油开发以来区域生态环境变化,分析研究区目前的生态环境质量现状及石油开发等经济活动对区域生态环境的影响。利用GIS(地理信息系统)软件的最大值合成法(MVC)对研究区1989—2010年植被覆盖度遥感MODIS(中分辨率成像光谱仪)数据进行解译。研究结果表明:研究区石油开发以来,生态环境的变化特征能够反映出该地区社会经济发展客观规律以及随之带来的环境问题,对研究区制定环境保护与资源开发政策具有一定参考意义。     

浅谈大庆油田第八采油厂绿色油田建设

文章分析了石油开发对环境的影响,提出了建设绿色油田的必要性和重要性。通过对大庆油田第八采油厂绿色油田建设现状的分析,总结出该厂建设绿色油田存在的问题,提出建议与对策,展望了建设绿色油田的前景。     

两株直链烷基苯磺酸钠共代谢降解菌株的分离、鉴定和降解特性研究

自深圳某污水处理厂曝气池和二沉池的污泥中分离得到2株通过共代谢机制降解直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)的细菌L-2和L-15。通过生理生化和16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定细菌L-2和L-15分别为Klebsiella sp.和Enterobacter sp.。研究表明:L-2和L-15以LAS作为唯一碳源时,对其降解率仅有1.1%和5.9%。当添加葡萄糖作生长基质,L-2在温度30℃,p H=7.5,m(葡萄糖)∶m(LAS)为20∶1的条件下,对50 mg/L的LAS的降解率可达94.2%;L-15在温度30℃,p H=7.5,m(葡萄糖)∶m(LAS)为16∶1的条件下,对50 mg/L的LAS的降解率可达92.2%。试验结果说明,筛选得到的2株细菌在共代谢的作用下,可以有效地实现废水中LAS降解。     

石油降解菌对石油烃中不同组分的降解及演化特征研究

从甘肃华庆油田油井附近石油污染的土壤中得到5种菌属的石油降解菌,以各菌剂对原油不同组分的降解率及其标志物演化参数为基础,利用GC-MS联用技术分析测定了7 d和15 d石油烃中正构烷烃、藿烷、芳香烃的降解率,用各种标志物反映各菌剂对原油中正构烷烃、藿烷、芳香烃演化特征.结果表明:F2、A5、混合菌(H)对于高碳数段的正构烷烃降解率高达60%以上,混合菌剂对于正构烷烃的降解较均衡;正构烷烃在前后两个阶段的降解呈现出对低碳和高碳降解的互补规律,奇偶碳数优势(OEP)在15 d更明显;F2菌剂的w(∑C21-)/w(∑C22+)值说明对其高碳数降解优势最明显;各菌w(Pr)/w(Ph)比值均大于原油,说明原油中类异戊二烯烷烃在不同菌剂的作用中发生了明显的降解.各菌剂作用能促使五环三萜类化合物的手性碳R构型向更稳定的S构型转化,短期内已接近转化终点;A5对藿烷降解的w(Ts)/w(Tm)比值最大(0.966),转化最彻底;A5、D4和F2菌株后期作用原油时,藿烷系列的降解速率明显大于正构烷烃系列,表现出降解藿烷的优势;各菌剂对芳香烃具有强烈的去甲基化作用,A5和D4菌降解芳烃优势更明显.     

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of heat radiation from large liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) pool fires

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is flammable and has risks of pool fires during its transportation, storage, and applications. The heat radiation by LPG pool fires poses hazards to individuals nearby and can lead to potential failures of ambient facilities. Due to the high costs and invasive nature of experiments for investigating large-scale pool fires, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is employed in this study as the cost-effective and noninvasive method to simulate the process and analyze the characteristics of large hydrocarbon pool fires. Specifically, an experimentally validated 3-D CFD model has been built to simulate surface emissive power (SEP) and incident radiation of large-scale LPG pool fires with three different diameters and wind speeds. Steady-state simulations with P1 radiation and probability density function (PDF) combustion models were employed to obtain reliable data after the optimizations based on the comparisons with experimental data and empirical models. The comparison with benchmark experimental data demonstrates that the CFD model employed in this study can accurately predict the incident radiation of large LPG pool fires. A new SEP correlation is also proposed, which is specifically for LPG pool fires with a diameter between 10 m and 20 m. Additionally, the safe separation distances between LPG facilities and surrounded objects have been estimated based on the CFD simulation results. The high-resolution CFD model for large LPG pool fires in this work provides noninvasive and direct quantitative evidence to enhance the fundamental understanding on the safety of large LPG pool fires and can assist regulatory agencies in refining the safety limits in the cost-effective and time-saving manners.     

石油企业生产安全事故致因模型探讨

事故致因理论是企业安全管理工作首要研究的理论问题,是所有安全具体工作背后的理论依据。本文以中国石油天然气集团公司安全管理体系—HSE管理体系为样本,探讨了基于风险管理思想下的石油企业事故成因问题,并得出相对完善的石油企业事故致因模型,可对其它石油企业或其它工贸企业的安全管理工作提供借鉴。     

基于三维空间插值技术的某场地中总石油烃污染分布确定

为了解总石油烃在场地中的扩散分布规律,立体呈现其污染分布特征,选择华北某污染场地为研究对象,分层采集土壤样品并采用三维空间插值软件EVS-Pro建立地质模型和污染插值模型,对C16总石油烃(脂肪族)(以下简称总石油烃)分布特征进行分析。结果表明:不同采样点位污染物浓度分布差异明显,总石油烃最高值是DB11/T 811—2011《场地土壤环境风险评价筛选值》的11.71倍;场地内污染物表现出较强的垂直和水平迁移能力,在空间中的迁移分布特征与生产历史状况、水文地质条件密切相关。研究表明,通过三维插值模型构建的插值结果可以更加直观地呈现污染分布,更好地反映各因素对总石油烃分布的影响。