石油企业环境保护与实现可持续发展的途径

针对环境问题对石油工业的影响,提出了石油工业发展必须建立环境保护工作体系的创新思维。通过技术创新和采用先进的管理方式,使石油企业的环境保护水平适应可持续发展的要求,为实现21世纪石油工业新的腾飞奠定基础。     

HMP和SDS在KMnO4氧化水溶相PCE中的联合效应

利用KMnO₄原位化学氧化法处理污染地下水中的氯代烯烃已被证实有效可行,但是反应中产生的MnO₂沉淀会影响修复效果,延长修复时间. 采用KMnO₄氧化法处理水溶相的PCE(四氯乙烯),研究了添加HMP(六偏磷酸钠)和SDS(十二烷基磺酸钠)对该反应的联合效应. 结果表明,离子强度对MnO₂沉淀的生成影响显著,离子强度越高,MnO₂沉淀生成得越快. 在20℃, ρ(PCE)初始值为20mg/L,n(KMnO₄)∶n(PCE)为15∶1,离子强度为0.1mol/L的条件下,单独添加HMP可减少反应过程中MnO₂沉淀的产生,ρ(HMP)为0.1g/L的条件下,24h内没有产生MnO₂沉淀;单独添加SDS可增加Cl-生成量,在ρ(SDS)为1.0g/L的条件下,Cl-生成量增加了8.2%,但会增大MnO₂沉淀的生成速率;在同时添加HMP〔(ρ(HMP)为0.1g/L)〕和SDS〔(ρ(SDS)为1.0g/L)〕的条件下,Cl-生成量增加了7.5%,并且24h内没有产生MnO₂沉淀,表明二者同时添加既可提高PCE的去除率又可减缓MnO₂沉淀的生成.      

Uptake and Dupuration of Petroleum Hydrocarbons By the Backwater Clam,Meretrix Casta Chemnitz

Meretrix casta were experimentally exposed to water soluble fractions of refined and crude oil and their rate of accumulation of the petroleum hydrocarbons including total and individual aromatics viz., naphthalene, methylnaphthalene and dimethylnaphthalene, was studied. Subsequent transfer to clean waters in the laboratory and field resulted in depuration of the accumulated hydrocarbons from tissues. in general, the rate of discharge was found to be dependent on the concentration that the animals had been earlier exposed to and also the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Occasional increases were observed in the hydrocarbon values of clams which were placed in the field, compared to their laboratory counterparts, suggesting an intermittent source of petroleum hydrocarbon input into the environment. the influence on the rate of uptake, release and retention of hydrocarbons in the clams is discussed.     

Poly- and perfluorinated compounds in household consumer products

Several household consumer products were analyzed for their content of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOH) by nanoflow ultra performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. Among the investigated products, which are applied as sprays, were impregnating agents, cleaning agents, lubricants, and conditioners. In 14 of the 26 products analyzed, at least one polyfluorinated compound (PFC) was detected in 14 samples. 8?:?2 FTOH was the dominating PFC with concentrations up to 149?µg?mL^?1. The maximum concentration of PFOA was 14.5?µg?mL^?1, whereas PFOS was not detected in any sample. Investigated PFCs were mostly found in impregnating agents and lubricants, but were not detected in cleaning agents and conditioners. In FTOH-containing impregnating agents, similar ratios between 6?:?2 FTOH, 8?:?2 FTOH, and 10?:?2 FTOH were found. FTOH proportions in PFC-containing lubricants were similar as well. Total human exposure to PFC from consumer product aerosols for three different scenarios was estimated to be between 42.8 and 464?ng?kg^?1?per day.     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)及消油剂对刺参幼参的急性毒性

为探究表面活性剂对海洋棘皮动物的影响,测定了十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和消油剂对刺参(Stichopus japonicas )幼参的急性毒性。结果显示,SDBS对刺参幼参的72 h-LC₅₀和96 h-LC₅₀分别为2.50和1.71 mg·L^-1;消油剂对刺参幼参的96 h-LC₅₀为7 498.94 mg·L^-1。刺参幼参相对于多刺裸腹溞(Moina macrocopa )和脊尾白虾仔虾(Palaemon carincauda )对SDBS的敏感性较高,相对于安氏伪镖水蚤(Pseudodiaptomus annandalei )对SDBS的敏感性则较低,SDBS对刺参幼参的毒性明显大于十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS),消油剂的96 h-LC₅₀ 远远大于SDBS和SDS,毒性非常小,但这仅是对刺参幼参而言,大多数研究忽视了消油剂自身对生物体存在的影响,因此这方面的研究工作还需要继续开展。     

海外石油工程项目社会安全管理反思——基于“1.28”中水电苏丹项目员工被劫持事件

发生在2012年1月28日的中水电集团苏丹项目29名中方员工被劫持事件,极大地牵动了国人的心弦,其影响范围之广,关注度之高前所未有。与之相比,中国石油集团公司海外项目所在国家有20多个属于较高风险国家,在这些国家的石油项目同样面临着诸如社区滋扰、绑架劫持、武装袭击、战争等巨大安保风险。如何有效保障海外石油工程项目中方员工人身和资产安全,不得不再次引起我们的思考。本文通过对"1.28"事件这一典型非传统领域社会安全事件的分析,结合海外社会安全管理特点,提出了加强海外石油工程项目社会安全管理的几点思考,以供参考。     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠的光催化氧化

探讨了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDS)在光催化氧化过程中,TiO2晶型、空气中氧、催化剂用量、光照时间及pH值等对SDS光催化氧化的影响,在实验所选定的条件下,经1.5h光照,SDS光催化降解率可达81%左右。对光解前后的SDS废水作红外图谱分析发现,光解后产物基本矿化。     

Environmental management in resource-rich Alberta, Canada: first world jurisdiction, Third World analogue?

Economic growth is frequently touted as a cure for environmental ills, particularly for those in Third World countries. Here we examine that paradigm in a case study of Alberta, Canada, a wealthy, resource-rich province within a wealthy nation. Through provincial-scale datasets, we examine the increasing pressures of the forest, petroleum, and agricultural industries upon the ecosystems of Alberta within management, economic, and political contexts. We advance the thesis that economic activity leads to environmental degradation unless ecosystem-based management is integrated into economic decision making. Agricultural lands cover 31.7%, and forest management areas leased to industry cover 33.4% of Alberta; both continue to increase in extent. The rate of logging (focused on old-growth by government policy) continues a decades-long exponential rise. Current Alberta annual petroleum production is 52.5 million m3 crude oil and 117 billion m3 of gas. As of early 1999, there were approximately 199,025 oil and gas wells and a conservative total of approximately 1.5-1.8 million km of seismic lines in Alberta. Fire occurrence data indicate no downward trends in annual area burned by wildfire, which may be characterized as driven by climate and inherently variable. When logging and wildfire are combined, the annual allowable cut in Alberta is unsustainable, even when only timber supply is considered and the effects of expanding agriculture and oil and gas activities are ignored. Ecosystem degradation in Alberta is pervasive and contrasts prominently with a high standard of living. A wealth of ecological data exists that indicates current resource-based economic activities are non-sustainable and destructive of ecosystem health yet these data are not considered within the economic decision making process. Given the complex, compounded, and increasing ecosystem perturbations, a future of unpleasant ecological surprises is likely. We conclude with tentative predictions as to where current trends in Alberta may lead if decisions biased against ecosystems continue.     

液化石油气钢瓶长径比研究

分析钢瓶的长度和直径之比(长径比)对容积变形率的影响,在材料相同的条件下,长径比大的气瓶的容积变形率的要求也相应提高。笔者分别从钢瓶的边界效应、冲压工艺、制造经济性3个方面探讨了液化石油气钢瓶的合适长径比,并综合提出了液化石油气钢瓶的长径比的适宜范围为0.8～1.6。     

全氟辛烷磺酸盐和全氟辛酸在水环境及水生生物体内积累的研究进展

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)是全氟化合物中2种最典型的化合物,在不同环境介质(水、土壤、沉积物等)及水生生物体内被广泛检出。PFOS和PFOA具有良好的化学、物理性能,被广泛地运用于工业领域,PFOS和PFOA的污染范围已涉及全球。综述了PFOS和PFOA在水环境体系的污染现状及其在水生生物体内积累特征,探讨影响水生生物积累的主要因素,为全氟化合物污染控制提供基础。