外阻对污泥微生物燃料电池产电以及有机物降解的影响

重点考察了不同外阻（10、150和1 000Ω）对污泥微生物燃料电池（sludge microbial fuel cell,SMFC）产电性能及有机物去除速率的影响。结果表明,外阻对电池产电和有机物降解有显著影响,低电阻有利于电流产生及有机物消耗。当外阻为10Ω时,输出电流最高（4.2 mA）,且污泥溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）去除速率最快（53 mg.d-1）。DGGE图谱显示,不同外阻导致阳极微生物菌落结构有明显差异;CV扫描发现外阻对生物膜氧化还原能力有显著影响,低电阻下运行的阳极生物膜氧化还原活性较强。本研究为理解外阻与阳极生物膜间的关系提供一条有益线索,也为MFC性能提高提供一条可操作性的途径。     

铜尾矿白羊草叶际和根际细菌群落特征

植物叶际、根际微生物及其生存环境共同形成复杂的生态系统,其中,根际微生物也是土壤物质循环的主要动力,可以为植物的生长发育提供基础.叶际和根际微生物也可作为生态学指标,在矿区生态稳定与生态恢复中具有显著作用.本研究选择铜尾矿优势禾草白羊草为研究对象,采用高通量测序的方法,研究白羊草叶际和根际细菌群落特征,探究影响白羊草叶际和根际微生物群落结构与多样性的关键生态因子.结果表明,白羊草叶际和根际细菌群落结构具有显著差异.其中,白羊草叶际细菌优势属包括假单胞菌属、肠杆菌属和鞘脂单胞菌属,根际细菌优势属为Solrubrobacter和酸杆菌属.白羊草根际细菌群落的香农指数、ACE指数和Chao1指数均显著高于叶际细菌.土壤水分含量、pH、土壤砷和锌含量,白羊草总氮和总硫,及叶片和根内的镉和铬是影响白羊草叶际和根际优势细菌属的主要生态因子.此外,根际细菌群落香农指数与根内铜含量显著负相关,辛普森指数与根的总氮含量显著正相关,叶际细菌群落ACE指数与叶片总硫含量显著正相关.本研究结果可为铜尾矿生态恢复中发掘和利用叶际或根际细菌资源及提高矿区生态修复效率提供科学依据.     

饮用水常规处理工艺中细菌群落的时空分布

为弄清饮用水常规处理工艺过程中细菌群落的时空分布和动态变化规律,以我国南方某市一常规处理工艺水厂为研究对象,采用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术对夏季和冬季原水、沉后水、滤后水、出厂水和滤砂生物膜等细菌群落进行解析.结果表明,出厂水pH值、浊度、COD_Mn、菌落总数等指标均满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749-2006）的要求.夏季细菌多样性明显高于冬季,混凝沉淀和消毒是影响细菌群落多样性和组成的主要工艺单元.细菌群落组成呈现一定的季节性变化,水样中优势菌门主要包括变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）等,在滤砂生物膜样品中,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）亦占绝对优势.在属水平上,检测到的条件致病菌属包括弧形菌属（Vibrio）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）和分支杆菌属（Mycobacterium）.水温和溶解氧是影响细菌群落的主要水质参数.     

外接菌种对污泥堆肥效能及堆体细菌群落的影响

以污泥、锯末、蘑菇渣为堆肥原料,分阶段添加高温复合菌和白腐真菌,通过测定温度、pH、有机质、水溶性有机碳、含水率、总氮、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和种子发芽率,比较了外接菌种对堆肥效能的影响.利用高通量测序技术,研究了污泥堆肥过程中细菌群落结构变化及外接菌种对细菌群落的影响.结果表明,外接菌种可以延长堆体高温持续时间,降低氮损失,加快堆体腐熟脱毒.在整个堆肥过程中,细菌群落结构发生了较大的演变,同一堆肥的不同阶段的细菌群落结构相似性较低,同一时期不同堆肥的细菌群落结构相似性较高.外接菌种提高了堆体中细菌群落的丰富度,增加了高温期优势菌的所占比例,但未改变优势菌的种类.典型对应分析(CCA)表明pH对细菌群落结构的影响最大,温度主要与9个菌属呈正相关关系.     

洱海沙坪湾湖滨带不同植被带中细菌分布特征

湖滨带是湖泊保护的重要屏障,其不同植被带中的细菌对入湖污染物降解起重要作用.为研究不同植被带中的细菌分布,以洱海沙坪湾湖滨带为研究对象,采用Illumina HiSeq高通量测序方法,对其中AG(乔草植被带)、EP(挺水植被带)、SP(沉水植被带)和UV(无植被带)的土壤或沉积物中的细菌多样性和群落结构进行研究.结果表明:湖滨带植被带中细菌种类丰富,共有54个门、106个纲、192个目、334个科和503个属被检测到,细菌的OTUs从高到低依次为EP(3 162个)、AG(2 926个)、UV(2 709个)和SP(2 427个),Shannon-Wiener多样性指数从高到低依次为EP(10.14)、AG(9.75)、SP(9.44) 和UV(9.26);湖滨带植被带中主要细菌类群是变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(AG,48.55%;EP,47.83%;SP,40.36%;UV,44.00%)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)(AG,19.30%;EP,5.31%;SP,5.67%;UV,6.30%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(AG,6.01%;EP,8.24%;SP,3.96%;UV,13.13%)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)(AG,3.98%;EP,8.91%;SP,8.95%;UV,7.59%),主要类群在不同植被带中占比不同;植被带类型对细菌的群落结构特征影响不大,但对细菌种群的多样性影响较大.典型对应分析(CCA)结果显示,w(TP)、pH和w(OM)(OM为有机质)是影响不同植被带细菌种群结构的主要环境因子.      

生物滴滤池对BTEX的去除及相应细菌群落分析

以预先驯化的菌群和活性污泥作为起始接种物用于生物滴滤池(BTF)中,研究评估了BTF去除苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯混合气体(BTEX)的性能,并利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术分析了微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明,BTF能在短时间内得到驯化,填料附着的生物量从第10 d的5.7 mg.g-1迅速增加至第30 d的112 mg.g-1.BTF能同时有效去除混合BTEX中的各组分,在进气负荷和停留时间分别为269.7 g.(m3.h)-1和39 s时,可获得的最大去除能力为216.6 g.(m3.h)-1.DGGE图谱表明,BTF中优势微生物种群主要来源于富集菌群,微生物群落结构随着运行时间发生变化,但在BTF上下空间分布较为均匀.     

Vertical diversity of sediment bacterial communities in two different trophic states of the eutrophic Lake Taihu, China

Vertical diversity of sediment bacterial communities in 2 different trophic states (macrophyte-dominated and algae-dominated) of the large shallow eutrophic Lake Taihu, China, were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Clustering analysis of DGGE profiles showed that different clusters were recognized in different depths of sediment cores in the 2 lake trophic states. Analyses of the bacterial diversity, as estimated by the Shannon index (H'), showed that different sediment layers of the macrophyte-dominated state had higher diversity than the algae-dominated state. In addition, bacterial diversity of the sediment in the macrophyte-dominated state changed abruptly throughout the layers, but bacterial diversity of the algae-dominated state decreased gradually with sediment depth. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in the middle sediment of the 2 lake trophic states. In the macrophyte-dominated state, clone sequences related to Betaproteobacteria (50.0%) were the most abundant, followed by Epsilonproteobacteria (21.1%), Acidobacteria (7.9%), Deltaproteobacteria (7.9%), Chloroflexi (7.9%), and Bacteroidetes (5.3%); whereas in the algae-dominated state, sequences affiliated with Betaproteobacteria (84.4%) were predominant, followed by Deltaproteobacteria (12.5%) and Acidobacteria (3.1%). Canonical correspondence analysis showed that organic matter and pH play key roles in driving the vertical changes of bacterial community composition.     

Removal of anaerobic soluble microbial products in a biological activated carbon reactor

The soluble microbial products (SMP) in the biological treatment effluent are generally of great amount and are poorly biodegradable. Focusing on the biodegradation of anaerobic SMP, the biological activated carbon (BAC) was introduced into the anaerobic system. The experiments were conducted in two identical lab-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. The high strength organics were degraded in the first UASB reactor (UASB1) and the second UASB (UASB2, i.e., BAC) functioned as a polishing step to remove SMP produced in UASB1. The results showed that 90% of the SMP could be removed before granular activated carbon was saturated. After the saturation, the SMP removal decreased to 60% on the average. Analysis of granular activated carbon adsorption revealed that the main role of SMP removal in BAC reactor was biodegradation. A strain of SMP-degrading bacteria, which was found highly similar to Klebsiella sp., was isolated, enriched and inoculated back to the BAC reactor. When the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 10,000 mg/L and the organic loading rate achieved 10 kg COD/(m 3 ·day), the effluent from the BAC reactor could meet the discharge standard without further treatment. Anaerobic BAC reactor inoculated with the isolated Klebsiella was proved to be an effective, cheap and easy technical treatment approach for the removal of SMP in the treatment of easily-degradable wastewater with COD lower than 10,000 mg/L.     

曝气生物滤池工艺脱氮性能及反硝化细菌群落结构特征研究

比较了两组不同填料组合的前置反硝化曝气生物滤池(biological aeration filter,BAF)脱氮工艺:陶粒-沸石BAF工艺(C-Z BAF)和沸石-陶粒BAF工艺(Z-C BAF),在不同C/N条件下的脱氮效果及滤料表面的反硝化细菌群落结构特征.结果表明,Z-C BAF对TN的平均去除效率高于C-Z BAF,且在低C/N条件下Z-C BAF的优势更加明显,当C/N为3.3时Z-C BAF的TN平均去除率比C-Z BAF高出20%.测定2种组合在不同C/N条件下的反硝化细菌群落结构发现,随着C/N的降低,2种组合反硝化细菌的物种丰度和多样性显著下降.低C/N条件下,Z-C BAF整个好氧滤池的nosZ基因优势T-RFs相对丰度>20%,而C-Z BAF好氧滤池顶端样品不能有效扩增到nosZ基因,可推断Z-C BAF的同步硝化反硝化功能优于C-Z BAF.在低C/N条件下Z-C BAF的脱氮效率明显高于C-Z BAF,因此Z-C BAF在低C/N且低浓度的有机废水处理方面更有潜力.     

高量秸秆还田配施芽孢杆菌对沙化土壤细菌群落及肥力的影响

探讨高量秸秆还田模式协同配施芽孢杆菌等功能菌群对沙化土壤的培肥潜能,解析土壤碳氮磷组分和菌群功能活性的变化特征,可为高效提升沙化土壤肥力提供依据.采用随机区组试验,设置秸秆不还田（CK）、高量还田梯度分别为6.00 kg ·m^-2（ST1）、12.00 kg ·m^-2（ST2）、24.00 kg ·m^-2（ST3）、6.00 kg ·m^-2+芽孢杆菌（SM1）、12.00 kg ·m^-2+芽孢杆菌（SM2）和24.00 kg ·m^-2+芽孢杆菌（SM3）这7个处理组.利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术分析细菌多样性和群落结构,土壤农化分析方法测定土壤化学性质.结果发现：①高量秸秆还田协同配施芽孢杆菌显著降低土壤细菌群落α多样性;②高量秸秆还田单一模式显著富集变形菌门,降低放线菌门的相对丰度,配施芽孢杆菌对细菌群落结构变异性的影响更显著,在属水平上表现为假单胞菌、罗河杆菌和芽孢杆菌等有益菌属的相对丰度显著增加;③基于FAPROTAX的功能预测发现：高量秸秆还田配施芽孢杆菌显著提高了土壤菌群对有机物质的分解潜力和氮组分转化潜力;④与对照相比较,高量秸秆还田配施芽孢杆菌显著提升了ω（SOM）、ω（TP）和ω（AP）,分别提高了31.20~32.75 g ·kg^-1、0.11~0.18 g ·kg^-1和29.69~35.09 mg ·kg^-1.因此,高量秸秆还田配施芽孢杆菌可显著提升沙化土壤有机质与磷组分含量、细菌功能活性与有益菌属丰度,对旱区沙化中低产田地力快速提升具有重要意义.