Bacterial reduction and release of adsorbed arsenate on Fe(Ⅲ)-, Al- and coprecipitated Fe(Ⅲ)/Al-hydroxides

Mobilization of arsenic under anaerobic conditions is of great concern in arsenic contaminated soils and sediments. Bacterial reduction of As(V) and Fe(Ⅲ) influences the cycling and partitioning of arsenic between solid and aqueous phase. We investigated the impact of bacterially mediated reductions of Fe(Ⅲ)/Al hydroxides-bound arsenic(V) and iron(Ⅲ) oxides on arsenic release. Our results suggested that As(V) reduction occurred prior to Fe(Ⅲ) reduction, and Fe(Ⅲ) reduction did not enhance the release of arsenic. Instead, Fe(Ⅲ) hydroxides retained their dissolved concentrations during the experimental process, even though the new iron mineral-magnetite formed. In contrast, the release of reduced As(Ⅲ) was promoted greatly when aluminum hydroxides was incorporated. Thus, the substitution of aluminum hydroxides may be responsible for the release of arsenic in the contaminated soils and sediments, since aluminum substitution of Fe(Ⅲ) hydroxides universally occurs under natural conditions.     

Bacterial community succession during the enrichment of chemolithoautotrophic arsenite oxidizing bacteria at high arsenic concentrations

To generate cost-effective technologies for the removal of arsenic from water, we developed an enrichment culture of chemolithoautotrophic arsenite oxidizing bacteria (CAOs) that could effectively oxidize widely ranging concentrations of As(III) to As(V). In addition, we attempted to elucidate the enrichment process and characterize the microbial composition of the enrichment culture. A CAOs enrichment culture capable of stably oxidizing As(III) to As(V) was successfully constructed through repeated batch cultivation for more than 700 days, during which time the initial As(III) concentrations were increased in a stepwise manner from 1 to 10-12 mmol/L. As(III) oxidation activity of the enrichment culture gradually improved, and 10-12 mmol/L As(III) was almost completely oxidized within four days. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis showed that the dominant bacteria in the enrichment culture varied drastically during the enrichment process depending on the As(III) concentration. Isolation and characterization of bacteria in the enrichment culture revealed that the presence of multiple CAOs with various As(III) oxidation abilities enabled the culture to adapt to a wide range of As(III) concentrations. The CAOs enrichment culture constructed here may be useful for pretreatment of water from which arsenic is being removed.     

制药残留溶剂对废水生物降解系统微生物毒性的测定方法比较

水质生物毒性测定是评价水环境质量的重要内容,制药废水有机物含量高,有些成分可抑制污泥活性或具有生物毒性.为了更准确地评估制药废水的生物毒性,筛选出适用于准确评价污染物对废水生物降解系统中微生物生物毒性的方法,对发光细菌法、脱氢酶活性法、硝化抑制法及呼吸速率法4种生物毒性测定方法进行了比较研究,以甲苯、二甲基甲酰胺、三乙胺3种常见制药有机溶剂为研究对象、氯化汞为标准毒物.结果表明,各测定方法得出的结果不同,根据灵敏度和测定时间,4种方法排序为发光细菌法(2 h)、脱氢酶活性法(7 h)、硝化速率法(120 h)、呼吸速率法(48 h),与其他3种基于活性污泥毒性的测定方法相比,发光细菌法具有最高的灵敏度.3种活性污泥法对有机溶剂的毒性响应具有相同顺序,从高到低为二甲基甲酰胺、三乙胺、甲苯,而发光细菌法与之不同,顺序为三乙胺、甲苯、二甲基甲酰胺.综合考虑测定方法的灵敏度、测试时间、操作简便性,推荐选取灵敏度最高的发光细菌试验和以活性污泥为受试对象的脱氢酶活性法联合使用,将二者综合的测定结果作为判定依据,可以更准确地判定制药残留溶剂对废水生物降解系统的生物毒性.     

Microscopic Visualization of the Enzymatic Degradation of Poly(3HB-co-3HV) and Poly(3HV) Single Crystals by PHA Depolymerases From Pseudomonas lemoignei

As a complement to previous studies of the enzymatic degradation of folded chain lamellar single crystals of polyhydroxyalkanoates, single crystals of a number of polyhydroxyalkanoates were partially degraded with depolymerases from Pseudomonas lemoignei and examined by transmission electron microscopy. Single crystals of bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), bacterial poly(3-hydroxyvalerate), and synthetic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with 88% isotactic diads were degraded using purified extracellular PHA-depolymerases from P. lemoignei: PHB-depolymerase A, PHB-depolymerase B, and depolymerases from recombinant E. coli: PHB-depolymerase PhaZ4 (PHB-depolymerase E), PHB-depolymerase PhaZl (PHB-depolymerase C), and PHB-depolymerase PhaZ5 (PHB-depolymerase A). In contrast to previous results with single crystals of bacterial PHB, the predominant effect observed with all crystals was a significant narrowing of the lamellae. This suggests an edge attack mechanism which because of lateral disorder of the crystals leads to a narrowing of the crystalline lamellae as opposed to the splintering effect previously observed. The model suggested for the degradation of single crystals of bacterial PHB by PHB-depolymerases is refined to include the effects of lateral disorder caused by the introduction of valerate or repeat units of opposite stereochemistry into the single crystal.     

受引黄影响的河流沉积物细菌群落季节变化

河流沉积物细菌群落的季节变化对碳、氮循环和水环境演化有明显的影响.然而,受调水干预的河流沉积物细菌群落季节性变化尚不明确.本文基于16S rRNA高通量测序技术,研究了中纬度地区受引黄影响的汾河上游沉积物细菌群落组成、结构和多样性的季节变化.结果表明,在引黄调水干预下受水河流细菌群落的季节性变化仍然显著.夏季温度适宜,河流沉积物细菌群落多样性较冬季高.核心菌群组成和结构随季节变化,然而丛毛单胞菌、黄杆菌、黄单胞菌和红环菌等的优势地位不随季节改变.河水水温和ORP的季节变化显著,是造成河流沉积物细菌群落季节变化的主导因子.水质较差的黄河水引入汾河后导致沉积物细菌群落多样性显著提高.引水对河流沉积物细菌群落的影响在夏季较冬季高20%左右.引黄调水对汾河沉积物细菌群落的影响大于季节变化的影响.     

黄水溪砷环境地球化学迁移行为及其细菌群落分析

湖南石门雄黄矿区As（砷）污染问题由来已久,黄水溪更是长期受矿区影响.为进一步指导对矿区As污染的综合治理,通过分析河流As质量浓度及其通量、沉积物ATR-FTIR（衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱）及其溶解释放As的能力、沉积物细菌群落多样性,对黄水溪石门雄黄矿河段中As的地球化学迁移行为及其河流沉积物的生态风险进行了调查.结果表明:①石门雄黄矿区河段水系中ρ（As_T）为0.28~10.43 mg/L,并且主要以As（Ⅴ）形式存在,少量为As（Ⅲ）.②As年通量在该河段区域增加约5.71 t.③ATR-FTIR分析沉积物显示,463、875和910 cm-1处吸收带来自AsO₄3-（砷酸根）的振动,775和796 cm-1处吸收带来自AsO₃3-（亚砷酸根）的振动,表明该沉积物中存在含As矿物.④在沉积物溶解试验中同时释放As（Ⅴ）和As（Ⅲ）,振荡6 h后ρ[As（Ⅴ）]和ρ[As（Ⅲ）]分别达0.014~0.550和0.002~0.291 mg/L.⑤沉积物的细菌群落多样性分析显示,黄水溪As污染已对水生生态系统造成了一定的影响,表现为ρ（As_T）较高水环境影响下,沉积物细菌群落丰富度和多样性减少,同时出现未鉴别属;变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）是黄水溪沉积物中的优势菌群.研究显示,黄水溪中As主要迁移途径可能为,在废弃选矿区域段含As尾矿颗粒进入河道,之后溶解进入水环境,在下游河段又再次被吸附/沉淀,并且吸附的As并不稳定,易再次释放.      

丹江口库区表层浮游细菌群落组成与PICRUSt功能预测分析

浮游细菌是水生生态系统的重要组成部分,是水体中氮素生物地球化学循环的主要驱动力.本研究于2016年5月采集丹江口库区库心和渠首2个生态位点表层水样,采用16S r DNA Miseq高通量测序技术研究其群落组成,发现其主要由变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门等12门、139属细菌组成,渠首样品浮游细菌群落多样性高于库心样品. PICRUSt功能预测分析表明,浮游细菌涉及氨基酸运输和代谢、转录、能量产生和转换等24个基因功能家族,表现出功能上的丰富性.其中35个参与氮代谢的KO(表示通路)中库心高于渠首为20个,渠首高于库心的为15个.两样品中检测到涉及固氮作用(nif H)、硝化作用(hao)、反硝化作用(nar G、nir K、nor B、nos Z)、氮同化还原及异化还原作用(nas A、nar B、nap A、nir A、nir B、nrf A)参与氮循环的关键基因相对丰度.综合基因功能家族预测基因拷贝数和氮循环相关基因丰度分析,丹江口库区库浮游细菌氮代谢能力整体趋势为库心高于渠首.本研究从细菌群落组成、功能角度初步分析了丹江口库区不同生态位点氮循环的差异,为丹江口水库水环境保护提供了参考依据.     

尾水排放对受纳水体底栖生物膜细菌群落和水溶性有机质的影响机制

底栖生物膜是河流生态系统重要的初级生产者,能够对外界环境变化做出迅速响应,在河流碳循环过程中扮演重要角色.然而,人们对于污水处理厂尾水受纳河流底栖生物膜细菌群落与水溶性有机质(water-soluble organic matter,WSOM)的特征及内在联系的认识还十分有限.本研究使用16S rRNA高通量测序、紫外可见光谱和三维荧光-平行因子分析解析代表性污水处理厂尾水受纳区底栖生物膜细菌群落和WSOM的特征.结果表明,底栖生物膜WSOM中识别出两种类腐殖质组分和一种色氨酸类蛋白组分,其中大分子类腐殖质在底栖生物膜WSOM中占据优势地位.尾水区底栖生物膜细菌群落的均匀度及多样性沿程提高,相较于未受污染的上游区,污染源头区和污染下游区生物膜细菌群落结构更加稳定.发色水溶性有机质(colored water-soluble organic matter,CWSOM)、有机质芳香性和分子量是影响尾水区底栖生物膜细菌群落变化的主要因素,其中芳香性色氨酸类蛋白对生物膜细菌群落变化的解释度最高(34％).共现网络揭示了细菌群落与WSOM组分之间复杂的相互关系,Proteobacteria和Halobacterota通过碳循环过程参与生物膜WSOM的新陈代谢,生物膜细菌群落与WSOM的组成将以一种动态变化的模式对尾水排放做出响应.本研究为探寻尾水受纳区水生态变化的指示标志提供了新的思路.     

粉垄耕作对耕地土壤细菌群落多样性及微生物网络结构的影响

为了解粉垄耕作对耕地土壤细菌群落多样性和结构分布的影响,以及微生物生态分子网络结构和物种之间的相互作用关系.以宁夏引黄灌区不同耕作方式下耕地土壤为研究对象,设置粉垄耕作(DVRT)和传统耕作(CT)这2种处理,采用Illumina MiSeq技术对不同处理的耕地土壤细菌群落进行了分子生态网络分析.结果表明,0～20 cm土层中,DVRT比CT处理显著提升了总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、总磷(TP)、有效磷(AP)和总钾(TK)的含量;20～40 cm土层中,DVRT比CT处理显著提升了TOC、 TN、 TP、 AP、 TK和有效钾(AK)的含量.DVRT处理的含水量(WC)显著提高了8.13%～13.30%,pH和电导率(EC)分别降低了4.51%～5.85%和12.5%～13.33%.玉米不同生育期和土层中,DVRT处理的Shannon和Ace指数均增加.优势细菌门为：放线菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门和芽单胞菌门.细菌群落β多样性结果显示,DVRT和CT处理的土壤细菌群落结构差异明显.冗余分析和偏曼特尔检验结果表明,pH、 EC和TP是影响细菌群落结构多样性...     

西安市景观湖泊水体细菌群落结构分析与代谢功能预测

湖泊水体中细菌群落多样性及其代谢功能研究对城市景观湖泊水环境健康发展有着重要意义.以汉城湖、南湖、兴庆湖和桃花潭为研究区域,使用Illumina Nova高通量测序技术研究4个不同类型湖泊中群落组成和结构,使用冗余分析方法分析细菌群落与环境因子的相关性,采用Tax4Fun预测细菌群落的代谢功能.结果表明,不同湖泊水体细菌群落多样性各不相同,其中桃花潭α多样性最高,兴庆湖最低,同一湖泊水体的细菌群落结构有聚集趋势;4个湖泊水体的细菌优势门类相似,主要是变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门,不同之处仅在于细菌的比例;4个湖泊水体属水平细菌群落分布有较大差异;水体理化性质与细菌群落存在显著相关性,其中最关键因子为氮磷营养盐(P<0.05); Tax4Fun功能预测表明,4个湖泊水体细菌群落代谢功能相似,氨基酸代谢和碳水化合物代谢相对丰度最高,此外,其潜在的耐药性细菌污染较大以及致人类患传染性疾病可能性较大.研究结果有助于了解西安市城市湖泊水环境细菌现状,为城市湖泊治理及可持续发展提供理论依据.