Effect of alginic acid decomposing bacterium on the growth of Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyceae)

We collected the diseased blades of Larninaria japonica from Yantai Sea Farm from October to December 2002, and the alginic acid decomposing bacterium on the diseased blade was isolated and purified, and was identified as A lteromonas espejiana. This bacterium was applied as the causative pathogen to infect the blades of L. japonica under laboratory conditions. The aim of the present study was to identify the effects of the bacterium on the growth of L. japonica, and to find the possibly effective mechanism. Results showed that： （1）The blades of L.japonica exhibited symptoms of lesion,bleaching and deteriortion when infected by the bacterium. and their growth and photosynthesis were dramatically suppressed. At the same time, the reactive oxygen species （ROS） generation enhanced obviously, and the relative membrane permeability increased significantly. The contents of malonaldehyde （MDA） and free fatty acid in the microsomol membrane greatly elevated, but the phospholipid content decreased. Result suggested an obvious peroxidation and deesterrification in the blades of L. japonica when infected by the bacterium. （2） The simultaneous assay on the antioxidant enzyme activities demonstrated that superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） increased greatly when infected by the bacterium, but glutathione peroxidase （Gpx） and ascorbate peroxidase （APX） did not exhibit active responses to the bacterium throughout the experiment. （3） The histomorphological observations gave a distinctive evidence of the severity of the lesions as well as the relative abundance in the bacterial population on the blades after infection. The bacterium firstly invaded into the endodermis of L. japonica and gathered around there, and then resulted in the membrane damage, cells corruption and ultimately, the death of L. japonica.     

植被恢复对刺萼龙葵根际土壤细菌群落结构与功能的影响

入侵植物可以改变入侵地土壤微生物群落,从而有助于其入侵,在前期研究中发现,植被恢复措施可有效控制刺萼龙葵（Solanum rostratum）的入侵,但植被恢复前后刺萼龙葵根际土壤细菌群落结构与功能尚未清楚.选取了前期研究中的2个植被组合：沙打旺（Astragalus adsurgens）+披碱草（Elymus dahuricus）+无芒雀麦（Bromus inermis）（T1）;沙打旺+苇状羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）+冰草（Agropyron cristatum）+羊草（Leymus chinensis）（T2）,并选取刺萼龙葵（SR）及本地植被（NR）作为对照,采用16S rDNA MiSeq高通量测序技术研究刺萼龙葵入侵及植被恢复后刺萼龙葵根际细菌群落组成,同时采用PICRUSt功能预测分析其功能.结果表明,刺萼龙葵入侵（SR）后Simpson指数和Chao1指数均高于本地植被（NP）,但未达到显著水平,而植被恢复（T1和T2）后,Shannon指数和Chao1指数显著降低（P<0.05）.刺萼龙葵（SR）显著降低了变形菌门（Proteobacteria）中的微枝形杆菌属（Microvirga）、斯科曼氏菌属（Skermanella）、鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）及酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）的Bryobacter属相对丰度（P<0.05）,而植被恢复后,这些菌属丰度也随之上升.RDA分析结果显示,土壤有机质、总氮、总磷、总钾和速效钾是影响细菌群落组成的重要因素.PICRUSt功能预测分析表明,刺萼龙葵入侵显著提高了氨基酸合成（biosynthesis of amino acids）、嘌呤代谢（purine metabolism）、嘧啶代谢（pyrimidine metabolism）、核糖体（ribosome）和氨酰-tRNA合成（aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis）等方面的功能,而植被恢复以后其相对丰度显著降低.本文探讨了刺萼龙葵入侵及植被恢复后根际细菌群落和功能,为刺萼龙葵的入侵机制及生态恢复提供理论依据.     

产多胺细菌调控根际细菌群落阻控小麦Cd吸收效应

土壤中的一些功能微生物能够通过吸附和沉淀等作用固定重金属,降低其有效态含量,从而阻控作物对重金属的吸收,在中轻度重金属超标农田钝化修复中发挥着重要作用.通过盆栽试验,借助高通量测序技术研究外源产多胺细菌Bacillus sp.N3的接种对小麦Cd吸收和根际土壤细菌群落组成和功能的影响.结果 表明,与不接菌对照相比,菌株...     

生活垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶分布及职业暴露风险评估

为探究生活垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶分布以及场区员工的职业暴露风险,在西安市某垃圾填埋场的6个功能区测定和分析了细菌气溶胶浓度、粒径分布和细菌活性,并运用风险商法评估场区员工的职业暴露风险.结果表明,生活垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶浓度最高和最低值分别为渗滤液收集区（（5381±3875）CFU·m^-3）和生活办公区（（1227±204）CFU·m^-3）,不同季节细菌气溶胶浓度变化为：夏季 > 秋季 > 冬季 > 春季.各采样点位于0.65~1.1 μm的细菌气溶胶浓度最低,小粒径细菌气溶胶比重由春季到冬季逐渐增大,各采样点细菌气溶胶的平均中值粒径均小于5.0 μm.流式细胞术分析结果显示,冬季不同采样点细菌气溶胶中活菌占比为74%~83%.细菌气溶胶职业暴露风险商均小于1,不同季节的暴露风险大小为夏季 > 秋季 > 冬季 > 春季,成年男性的职业暴露风险大于成年女性.     

双氰胺对污泥堆肥过程中酶活性和细菌群落演变的影响

鉴于氮肥增效剂在农田中的保氮经验,研究其对堆肥中氮素的保持具有重要意义.因此,本研究以氮肥增效剂-双氰胺（Dicyandiamide, DCD）为添加剂,脱水污泥为堆肥原料,进行了20 d的堆肥试验,探讨DCD对堆肥过程中氮素转化和酶活性变化及其细菌群落演变的影响.结果表明,DCD的添加降低了堆肥高温期的温度,延长了高温期的持续天数;DCD组显著降低了高温期NH₄-N的含量和整个时期NO₃-N的含量.堆肥结束时,总氮含量与对照相比提高了14.8%.此外,DCD的添加抑制了高温期纤维素分解酶和蛋白酶的活性,抑制了整个过程的硝酸还原酶的活性,而且高温期时,DCD组中厚壁菌门和绿弯菌门的丰度显著低于对照.冗余分析表明,NH₄-N、pH和温度主要影响高温期时酶的活性,NO₃-N和总氮主要影响稳定期时酶的活性.综上所述,DCD通过降低高温期的微生物丰度和相关酶活性,减缓了高温期的氨化作用和后期的硝化作用,减少了氮素损失,是一种可行的污泥堆肥添加剂.     

铜污染对土壤细菌群落结构及重金属抗性基因的影响

重金属Cu在土壤中长期积累会对微生物产生毒害作用,为了探究Cu污染对土壤细菌群落及重金属抗性基因的影响,本研究建立了不同Cu浓度（50、100、200、300、500、750和1000 mg·kg^-1）的土壤微宇宙,基于高通量测序和荧光定量PCR技术分析比较不同Cu浓度下培养14 d后土壤细菌群落及重金属抗性基因的变化.结果表明,当Cu浓度≤ 100 mg·kg^-1时,随着铜浓度增加细菌群落丰度和多样性增加;而Cu浓度≥ 500 mg·kg^-1时,Cu浓度的增加会导致细菌群落丰度和多样性显著降低（p<0.05）.随着Cu浓度的升高,变形菌门的相对丰度增加,酸杆菌门和芽单胞菌门的相对丰度降低（p<0.05）;在属水平,溶杆菌属、黄杆菌属和Brevundimonas等13个属的相对丰度升高,而芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属和Subgroup_6等17个属的相对丰度降低.抗性基因检测结果显示,当Cu浓度≥ 500mg·kg^-1时,重金属抗性基因的丰度显著高于其它样品中的丰度（p<0.05）,其中,copB、copA和czcA的丰度较高,copB和czcA与Cu浓度之间呈显著正相关（p<0.001）,而copA与Cu浓度则呈显著负相关（p<0.001）.网络分析表明,抗性基因丰度的升高或降低可能是由于Cu污染对其潜在宿主影响所造成.本研究结果表明,不同Cu污染水平下土壤细菌群落重金属抗性的选择影响着群落多样性的变化,也为重金属Cu污染修复提供了理论依据.     

Impacts of n-alkane concentration on soil bacterial community structure and alkane monooxygenase genes abundance during bioremediation processes

Petroleum hydrocarbons, mainly consisting of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are considered as priority pollutants and biohazards in the environment, eventually affecting the ecosystem and human health. Though many previous studies have investigated the change of bacterial community and alkane degraders during the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, there is still lack of understanding on the impacts of soil alkane contamination level. In the present study, microcosms with different n-alkane contamination (1%, 3% and 5%) were set up and our results indicated a complete alkane degradation after 30 and 50 days in 1%- and 3%-alkane treatments, respectively. In all the treatments, alkanes with medium-chain length (C₁₁-C₁₄) were preferentially degraded by soil microbes, followed by C₂₇-alkane in 3% and 5% treatments. Alkane contamination level slightly altered soil bacterial community, and the main change was the presence and abundance of dominant alkane degraders. Thermogemmatisporaceae, Gemmataceae and Thermodesulfovibrionaceae were highly related to the degradation of C₁₄- and C₂₇-alkanes in 5% treatment, but linked to alkanes with medium-chain (C₁₁-C₁₈) in 1% treatment and C₂₁-alkane in 3% treatment, respectively. Additionally, we compared the abundance of three alkane-monooxygenase genes, e.g., alk_A, alk_P and alk_R. The abundance of alk_R gene was highest in soils, and alk_P gene was more correlated with alkane degradation efficiency, especially in 5% treatment. Our results suggested that alkane contamination level showed non-negligible effects on soil bacterial communities to some extents, and particularly shaped alkane degraders and degrading genes significantly. This study provides a better understanding on the response of alkane degraders and bacterial communities to soil alkane concentrations, which affects their biodegradation process.

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Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Clarias gariepinus Exposed to an Industrial Effluent in Nigeria

The microbiological impact of a detergent and soap industries effluent on Clarias gariepinus was assessed under laboratory conditions. The heterotrophic bacterial count obtained from fish surfaces ranged from 1.2 × 10²−2.0 × 10²cfu/ml amongst the control, while values of 4.8× 10⁶−8.6 × 10⁶ cfu/ml were obtained for the experimental fish exposed to the industrial effluent (0.025 ppm). The fungal count for the controls ranged from 1.2× 10²−1.2 × 10³ cfu/ml; while a range of 1.0 × 10⁶−2.0 × 10⁶ was obtained for the fish exposed to the industrial effluent. While twelve bacterial species were isolated from the fish exposed to the industrial effluent, only two were isolated from the parts of the control fish used in the study. The bacterial species are those in the genera Staphylococcus, Proteus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Enterobacter, and Escherichia. The fungal isolates include Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Rhodosporium, Candida, Alternaria, and Fusarium. The resistance of the bacterial isolates to the commonly used antibiotics showed that 100% were resistant to Augmentin, Amoxycillin and Cloxacillin, 85.71% to Tetracycline, 80.95% to Cotrimoxazole, 71.43% to Erythromycin, 33.33% to Chloramphenicol, and 28.57% to Gentamicin. Among the eight antibiotics tested, five patterns of multiple drug resistance were obtained, with the number of the antibiotics ranging from 4–8. The public health implications of these observations are discussed.     

ESCHERICHIA COLI SURVIVAL IN MANTLED KARST SPRINGS AND STREAMS,NORTHWEST ARKANSAS OZARKS,USA1

Recent studies indicate fecal coliform bacterial concentrations, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), characteristically vary by several orders of magnitude, depending on the hydrology of storm recharge and discharge. E. coli concentrations in spring water increase rapidly during the rising limb of a storm hydrograph, peak prior to or coincident with the peak of the storm pulse, and decline rapidly, well before the recession of the storm hydrograph. This suggests E. coli are associated with resuspension of sediment during the onset of turbulent flow, and indicates viable bacteria reside within the spring and stream sediments. E. coli inoculated chambers were placed in spring and stream environments within the mantled karst of northwest Arkansas to assess long term (> 75 days) E. coli viability. During the 75‐day study, a 4‐log die‐off of E. coli was observed for chambers placed in the Illinois River, and a 5‐log die‐off for chambers placed in Copperhead Spring. Extrapolation of the regression line for each environment indicates E. coli concentration would reach 1 most probable number (MPN)/100 g sediment at Copperhead Spring in about 105 days, and about 135 days in the Illinois River, based on a starting inoculation of 2.5 × 107 MPN E. coli/100 g of sediment. These in situ observations indicate it is possible for E. coli to survive in these environments for at least four months with no fresh external inputs.     

猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病的危险性分析

猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病是猕猴桃的重要病害。为了正确认识该病发生的危险性,有效防止其进一步扩散蔓延,参照国际上有害生物风险分析方法,对猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病在国内的危险性进行了定性和定量分析,做出了综合评价,并提出检疫和防治管理措施。