The prevalence of bacterial resistance in clinical, food, water and some environmental samples in Southwest Nigeria

The resistance pattern and mechanisms of bacterial isolates obtained from clinical origin, soil, industrial effluent, orange juice products and drinking water were studied using commonly used antibiotics. The microbial load of the water samples, industrial effluent and orange juice products were 1.0 × 10¹–2.25 × 10⁶, 2.15 × 10⁵, and 3.5 × 10⁴–2.15 × 10⁵ cfu mL^–1, respectively. The faecal coliform test revealed that only two out of twenty orange juice products had MPN of 2 and 20, the MPN of water ranged from 1–1800, while the effluent had MPN of 1800. The bacterial isolates that were isolated include E. coli, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, S. marcescens, S. pyogenes, B. cereus, B. subtilis, Micrococcus sp., Klebsiella sp., P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter sp. Also, clinical and soil isolates of P. aeruginosa were used in the study. Among the eight antibiotics tested for resistance on five strains of each bacterium, seven different resistance patterns were observed among the bacterial isolates obtained from water, effluent and orange juice products. Among the clinical and soil isolates of P. aeruginosa, four multiple-drug resistance patterns were obtained. Thirty strains of E. coli and S. aureus were tested for -lactamase production and fourteen strains, seven each of E. coli and S. aureus that had high Minimum Inhibitory Concentration values (MIC) for both Amoxycillin and Cloxacillin were positive.     

固体XM菌剂对生活垃圾减容和除臭的研究

在密闭的容器中考察不同条件下固体XM菌剂对生活垃圾的减容和除臭效果.结果表明,固体XM菌剂不但可防止新鲜生活垃圾变臭,而且对已产生的生活垃圾臭味具有明显的消除效果.固体XM菌剂可使新鲜的生活垃圾在降解过程中仅产生少量臭味,到15 d时基本消失并产生酯香气味,减容量可达46%.用质量分数为3%的固体XM菌剂处理已发臭的生活垃圾,15 d时氨气和硫化氢的释放量分别减少54.8%和49.0%.此外,保持较高的温度以及50%～60%的垃圾含水量,除臭效果最佳.从垃圾降解过程中渗滤液的产生量、澄清度、酸碱度和气味的变化分析得出,固体XM菌剂已成为垃圾发酵过程中的主导菌群,这可能是生活垃圾除臭的根本原因.     

A LONG‐TERM,WATERSHED‐SCALE,EVALUATION OF THE IMPACTS OF ANIMAL WASTE BMPs ON INDICATOR BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS1

ABSTRACT: Driven by increasing concerns about bacterial pollution from agricultural sources, states such as Virginia have initiated cost sharing programs that encourage the use of animal waste best management practices (BMPs) to control this pollution. Although a few studies have shown that waste management BMPs are effective at the field scale, their effectiveness at the watershed scale and over the long term is unknown. The focus of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of BMPs in reducing bacterial pollution at the watershed scale and over the long term. To accomplish this goal, a 1,163 ha watershed located in the Piedmont region of Virginia was monitored over a ten‐year period. Fecal coliforms (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS) were measured as indicators of bacterial pollution. A pre‐BMP versus post‐BMP design was adopted. Major BMPs implemented were manure storage facilities, stream fencing, water troughs, and nutrient management. Seasonal Kendall trend analysis revealed a significant decreasing trend during the post‐BMP period for FC concentrations at the watershed outlet, but not at the subwatershed level. Implementation of BMPs also resulted in a significant reduction in the geometric mean of FS concentrations. FC concentrations in streamflow at the watershed outlet exceeded the Virginia primary standard 86 and 74 percent of the time during pre‐BMP and post‐BMP periods, respectively. Corresponding exceedances for the secondary standard were 50 and 41 percent. Violations decreased only slightly during the post‐BMP period. The findings of this study suggest that although BMP implementation can be expected to accomplish some improvement in water quality, BMP implementation alone may not ensure compliance with current water quality standards.     

贵阳市阿哈湖水体和沉积物间隙水中汞的含量和形态分布初步研究

为了弄清楚酸性矿井废水的排放是否对阿哈湖造成了汞污染,研究了阿哈湖中汞的各种赋存形态(包括溶解气态汞、活性汞、颗粒态汞、溶解态汞、溶解态甲基汞、颗粒态甲基汞以及沉积物间隙水体的溶解态汞、溶解态甲基汞)及其在水体和沉积物间隙水中的剖面分布.结果显示,阿哈湖水体中溶解气态汞的浓度为0.04～0.09ng·L-1,活性汞浓度为0.2～1.1ng·L-1,总汞浓度为2.08～19.14 ng·L-1,甲基汞浓度为0.002～0.43 ng·L-1;在沉积物间隙水体中溶解态汞浓度为1.72～19.12 ng·L-1,溶解态甲基汞浓度为0.03～1.57 ng·L-1.实验数据表明,溶解态甲基汞浓度在沉积物下2～5 cm处最高,随着深度增加而逐渐降低,其与硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)分布呈现较好的吻合,说明水体-沉积物界面是甲基汞的产生地点;并且在沉积物中高浓度硫酸根浓度高达1100 mg·L-1的条件下,硫酸根浓度与甲基汞浓度依然一致.     

变废为宝,向治理系统要经济效益的应用实例

用生产废水治理工程中吸附了废醪液的灰渣辅加滤泥(亚法)经预处理后掺加FM氮磷钾复合茵群做固态茵肥,用循环用于水膜除尘的近50°BX的浓废醪液掺加FM氮磷钾复合茵群做液态茵肥,使污染环境有肥效的废醪液全部资源化使用,彻底消除了二次污染。     

用高效染料脱色菌和PVA降解菌混合培养液处理印染废水

在厌气－好气－活性碳三级串联工艺系统中，用７株高效染料脱色降解菌在厌气池中接种，在好气池中用聚乙烯醇降解菌富集培养液接种挂膜处理含ＰＶＡ和ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤｃｒ＜０．２的印染废水，经日处理１７ｔ废水的中试表明，当进水ＣＯＤｃｒ，ＢＯＤ５，ＰＶＡ，洗涤剂和色度含量分别为６８０ｐｐｍ，１１０ｐｐｍ，１３４ｐｐｍ，２．９４ｐｐｍ和６５倍时，在厌气池，好气池和活性碳池中的水力负荷分别为３．１７，３．０，１４     

活性污泥好氧异养菌群平板分离培养方法的改进

自然温度(12~21℃)、贫营养、活性污泥提取物等目前提高菌群可培养性的方法用于培养活性污泥好氧异养菌群的结果显示,这些方法均能显著提高平板培养基的分离培养能力.含活性污泥提取物的贫营养培养基ASEⅡ培养细菌的数量可占细菌总数的23.2%,在所有培养基中最高,而营养最丰富的培养基MRS培养细菌的数量只占细菌总数的8.82%,在所有培养基中最低.图1表4参14     

一株运动发酵单胞菌Zy-1快速生产乙醇

经多次实验优化，得到运动发酵单胞菌Zy发酵葡萄糖生产乙醇较合适的条件．Zy的诱变菌株Zy-1在该条件下发酵葡萄糖生产乙醇比原始菌株更有较大优势．当葡萄糖浓度为200gL^-1时，发酵48h，乙醇浓度96．5gL^-1，残糖2．3gL^-1，发酵效率为94．42％．Zy-1发酵天然原料米粉、木薯、红薯干等，发酵时间44h，乙醇浓度达95gL^-1以上，发酵效率92％以上．发酵液用DNS法测定，还原糖约2gL^-1，残总糖因原料种类不同，其值有所差异（5～20gL^-1）．经薄层层析分析，发酵液无葡萄糖，而是二糖、三糖等低聚糖．图2表5参12     

鼠李糖脂对铜绿假单胞菌在堆肥颗粒介质中吸附与传输影响的初步研究

以铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonasaeruginosa)AB93066及其发酵生产的鼠李糖脂(rhamnolipid)为研究对象,通过柱淋洗实验考察了不同浓度鼠李糖脂对堆肥颗粒中单一菌属铜绿假单胞菌吸附传输情况的影响.实验结果显示,一定浓度(100～400mg·L-1)的鼠李糖脂能够有效地减弱细菌在堆肥颗粒介质中的吸附作用,增强细菌在介质中的传输和分散,使细菌得以传输到样品柱的更深层.这将有利于深层堆肥有机物的生物降解.原因可能是鼠李糖脂的存在改变了菌体和堆肥颗粒的表面性质,并且使菌体和颗粒之间产生位阻效应,减弱了它们之间的亲合性.     

臭氧催化氧化-BAF深度处理抗生素废水效能及微生物群落结构分析

采用臭氧催化氧化-曝气生物滤池（BAF）组合工艺对抗生素废水二级生化处理出水进行深度处理，考察了组合工艺对废水污染物的去除效果，通过三维荧光光谱结合平行因子法（EEMs-PARAFAC）分析了废水中有机物的荧光变化特征，并利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对BAF中微生物菌群结构的变化进行研究.结果表明，在最佳运行条件下，抗生素废水COD平均值由232 mg·L^-1降至46 mg·L^-1，NH₄⁺-N平均浓度由12 mg·L^-1降至4.1 mg·L^-1，出水水质可稳定达到《发酵类制药工业水污染物排放标准》（GB21903-2008）.EEMs-PARAFAC从废水中解析出3类荧光组分，主要可归为腐殖酸（胡敏酸）、富里酸及其混合物，经组合工艺处理后荧光强度大幅下降甚至消失.Illumina MiSeq测序显示，污泥经抗生素废水驯化后微生物丰富度和均匀度明显降低，Proteobacteria（变形杆菌门）、Chloroflexi（绿屈挠菌门）和Firmicutes（厚壁菌门）是优势菌门，其中，Thiothrix（发硫菌属）、Thermomonas、Pseudoxanthomonas（假黄单胞菌属）和JG30_KF_CM45是降解抗生素类污染物的主要菌属.