深圳湾流域面源与截排溢流污染特征及其对水环境的影响

随着点源污染逐步得到有效控制,面源与截排溢流污染对水环境的胁迫日益突出。基于土地遥感数据、城市排水管网等资料,构建流域—海湾一体化水环境模型,探讨深圳湾流域面源与截排溢流污染特征及其对水环境的影响,研究表明:(1)雨季COD、NH3-N和TP单位面积面源与截排溢流污染负荷分别为17.21 t/km2与10.21 t/km2、0.17 t/km2与0.69 t/km2、0.04 t/km2与0.07 t/km2;(2)面源与截排溢流污染时间上主要集中于大雨及以上等级降水较多的5月和8月,空间上主要分布在截排工程集中、下垫面面积较大且坡度较陡的深圳河、大沙河和新洲河流域;(3)面源与截排溢流水体COD、NH3-N和TP浓度可达地表水V类标准的3.7倍、18.2倍和8.5倍;(4)雨季COD、NH3-N和TP浓度高于旱季的区域分别超过深圳湾总面积的40%、60%和65%。     

The aggregation pheromone ofIps duplicatus and its role in competitive interactions withI. typographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Summary Ips duplicatus withI. typographus co-inhabiting Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) would benefit from a pheromone blend distinct from that of the larger competitorI. typographus. GC-MS analysis showed thatI. duplicatus males feeding in the host produced ipsdienol (Id),cis-verbenol (cV),trans-verbenol (tV), myrtenol (Mt), andE-myrcenol (EM) and traces of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MB).I. duplicatus produced Id in approximately racemic form (48.9-54.5% (+)-(S)-isomer). The amounts of Id and EM released over a 9 day period had a maximum of 250 and 5 ng/h/male, respectively, on day 2. Exposure ofI. duplicatus males to myrcene and -pinene resulted in the production of small amounts of Id, cV, tV, Mt, andtrans-pinocarveol, but not of EM. In laboratory bioassays with walking beetles, the pheromone component Id alone was weakly attractive while EM was inactive, but in binary combination with Id strongly synergized attraction. A combination of EM and Id at a release rate equivalent to 100–200 males was more attractive in the field than 70 unmated males in a spruce log. The addition of myrcene ( a suggested pheromone precursor of Id) to Id did not enhance trap caches, while addition of EM increased catches > 10-fold. Subtracting EM from a blend of Id, EM, cV and MB drastically reduced trap catches while subtraction of cV or MB or both had no significant effect. Addition of EM over a wide concentration range to the synthetic pheromone ofI. typographus did not reduce the attraction of females of this species in the laboratory. A two-species pheromone interaction field test releasingI. typographus pheromone components (MB + cV) at 10–1000 male equivalents (ME) andI. duplicatus pheromone (Id + EM) at 0, 10–1000 ME in all possible combinations showed both positive intraspecific dose-response effects and an interspecific inhibition. Higher release rates of EM appeared to inhibitI. typographus, especially males. In a tree colonization model, the response of the two competing species to their respective pheromones show a good separation during the mass-attack with a small initial cross-attraction. It remains to be shown whether either of the two pheromone systems have in fact evolved in the present sympatry, or if they are an incidental effect of ancestry of these phylogenetically distantIps.     

包装行业中的变频器矢量控制技术

为了更好地解决包装行业中电力拖动设备的机械性能和调速问题,选用了矢量控制型变频器．介绍了变频器矢量控制的基本原理,并且建立了异步电动机在不同坐标系下的数学模型．最后采用磁场定向控制方法,导出了异步电动机的矢量控制数学模型,方便了变频器矢量控制的实现．图1,参4．     

Using multivariate regression modeling for sampling and predicting chemical characteristics of mixed waste in old landfills

Municipal solid waste landfills pose a threat on environment and human health, especially old landfills which lack facilities for collection and treatment of landfill gas and leachate. Consequently, missing information about emission flows prevent site-specific environmental risk assessments. To overcome this gap, the combination of waste sampling and analysis with statistical modeling is one option for estimating present and future emission potentials. Optimizing the tradeoff between investigation costs and reliable results requires knowledge about both: the number of samples to be taken and variables to be analyzed.This article aims to identify the optimized number of waste samples and variables in order to predict a larger set of variables. Therefore, we introduce a multivariate linear regression model and tested the applicability by usage of two case studies. Landfill A was used to set up and calibrate the model based on 50 waste samples and twelve variables. The calibrated model was applied to Landfill B including 36 waste samples and twelve variables with four predictor variables.The case study results are twofold: first, the reliable and accurate prediction of the twelve variables can be achieved with the knowledge of four predictor variables (Loi, EC, pH and Cl). For the second Landfill B, only ten full measurements would be needed for a reliable prediction of most response variables. The four predictor variables would exhibit comparably low analytical costs in comparison to the full set of measurements. This cost reduction could be used to increase the number of samples yielding an improved understanding of the spatial waste heterogeneity in landfills.Concluding, the future application of the developed model potentially improves the reliability of predicted emission potentials. The model could become a standard screening tool for old landfills if its applicability and reliability would be tested in additional case studies.     

A MODELING APPROACH FOR OPTIMUM SEDIMENT DETENTION POND DESIGN1

ABSTRACT: A design procedure to determine optimum size for a sediment detention pond is presented. The procedure is based on simulating the sediment removal efficiency of the pond in conjunction with temporal variations in rainfall and potential land use and/or management options. The simulation procedure is based on a combined probabilistic-deterministic modeling approach. The probabilistic model generates daily rainfall with hourly increments for a selected site. The deterministic model simulates sediment yield and concentration for drainage area (pond inflow) and sediment trapping efficiency of the pond. The sediment yield and concentration in pond effluent is estimated from the difference between sediment inflow to the pond and sediment trapped by the pond. As an example, the procedure is applied to determine optimum design for a sediment detention pond in a surface mined area using several pond design options and alternative mining operation/land reclamation strategies.     

固定化微生物吸附剂对Cr3+的吸附特性研究

从皮革铬鞣、复鞣污泥等处分离、纯化出4株菌株TP、XB、MY和TQ,采用海藻酸钠悬滴法并添加膨润土制成微生物固定化吸附剂,研究该吸附剂对低质量浓度Cr3+的吸附特性。结果表明,4种固定化颗粒对低质量浓度Cr3+有较好的吸附作用。实验室条件下,当吸附温度为30℃时,6 h后固定化吸附剂进入缓慢吸附和平衡吸附阶段。吸附等温曲线拟合研究表明,不同温度下吸附剂适合不同的等温模型。4种微生物吸附剂均与Lagrange拟二级动力学模型拟合最佳,且吸附量从高到低为TQ、TP、XB、MY。颗粒内扩散模型研究表明,20℃下XB和MY对Cr3+的吸附分为快速吸附和缓慢吸附阶段;30℃和40℃下固定化颗粒均呈现表面吸附—缓慢吸附—平衡吸附过程。热力学研究表明,吸附反应均属于自发进行的吸热过程,并且均是化学吸附。     

时变参数模型用于滑坡位移量预测的研究

滑坡的位移量发展受地质条件、气候环境以及人类活动等多种因素的影响,变化复杂,通常难以用固定参数的数学模型准确表达。时变参数模型的模型参数随时间变化,能够描述更为复杂的函数关系。将时变参数模型应用于滑坡位移量预测,通过对比发现,时变参数模型有望提高滑坡位移量的预测精度。     

Modelling and analysis of recruitment distributions

Recruitment data for 18 marine fish stocks are smoothed using 10 parametric families of probability distributions. Comparative fit of the 10 families is assessed by means of the maximized log-likelihood. Results indicate that the gamma distribution provides an overall good fit in the right-hand tail of the data, but that some adjustment to the gamma distribution is called for in the left-hand tail. Weight functions and weighted distributions are suggested as one means of achieving the needed adjustment.     

BP神经网络和ARIMA模型对污水处理厂出水总氮浓度的模拟预测

污水处理厂出水总氮(TN)浓度是评价水处理效果的关键指标之一。建立BP神经网络模型对污水处理厂脱氮工艺进行模拟,引入自回归整合移动平均模型(ARIMA模型)对污水处理厂未来短期出水TN浓度进行预测。结果表明:BP神经网络模型在训练集和测试集模拟结果的平均相对误差分别为15.9%和16.5%,模型预测结果的平稳性较差;ARIMA模型对未来7 d出水TN浓度的时序预测平均误差为4.41%,预测精度较高;2个模型相结合有助于实现污水处理厂快捷和高效的在线检测。     

城郊排水沟渠溶质传输的暂态存储影响及参数灵敏性

选择Na Cl为示踪剂,于2013年9~10月在合肥城郊的关镇河支渠开展5次瞬时投加示踪实验.从暂态存储、侧向补给和对流-扩散等作用机制层面,设置4种模拟情景,解析暂态存储作用对于排水沟渠溶质传输规律的影响,并对OTIS模型参数进行灵敏性分析.结果表明,暂态存储对于主流区Cl-模拟浓度穿透曲线(BTCs)峰值大小影响很大,相对偏差高达24.23%~117.26%,显著高于对峰值出现时间的影响,且暂态存储影响显著超过了侧向补给作用;由相关性分析,主流区Cl-模拟浓度BTCs峰值大小和出现时间的相对偏差与As/A具有极显著相关性;4个主要参数的灵敏度排序为AAsαD.