氧化硫硫杆菌固定化菌球制备及其耦合填料去除H2S

以海藻酸钠(SA)为包埋载体,对氧化硫硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans)进行固定化制备菌球,优化菌球制备条件,在生物滤塔内验证其对H₂S的去除能力.以前期驯化获得的富含硫系恶臭降解微生物菌群的污泥为菌源进行生物滤塔填料筛选,耦合A.thiooxidans菌球和填料进行生物除臭.结果表明,优选的固定化条件为:SA浓度3.0%､吸附剂CNT､A.thiooxidans菌悬液与混合液比例20%､CaCl₂浓度4.0%､改性剂己二胺溶液,获得的菌球机械强度､传质性能､硫氧化能力最好.将A.thiooxidans菌球填装于生物滤塔,H₂S最大去除率和去除能力为70%和1.06g H₂S/m³·h.以混合挂膜方式进行填料挂膜后,在聚氨酯泡沫､活性碳布和陶粒中优选出最佳填料活性碳布,获得H₂S最大去除率和去除能力为88%和0.84g H₂S/m³·h.以混合填装方式将A.thiooxidans菌球与活性碳布填装于生物滤塔,获得H₂S最大去除率和去除能力为86%和1.00g H₂S/m³·h.     

Mechanism of lead immobilization by oxalic acid-activated phosphate rocks

Lead (Pb) chemical fixation is an important environmental aspect for human health. Phosphate rocks (PRs) were utilized as an adsorbent to remove Pb from aqueous solution. Raw PRs and oxalic acid-activated PRs (APRs) were used to investigate the effect of chemical modification on the Pb-binding capacity in the pH range 2.0-5.0. The Pb adsorption rate of all treatments above pH 3.0 reached 90%. The Pb binding on PRs and APRs was pH-independent, except at pH 2.0 in activated treatments. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the raw PRs formed cerussite after reacting with the Pb solution, whereas the APRs formed pyromorphite. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that carbonate (CO₃^2-) in raw PRs and phosphate (PO₄^3-) groups in APRs played an important role in the Pb-binding process. After adsorption, anomalous block-shaped particles were observed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data further indicated that both chemical and physical reactions occurred during the adsorption process according to the binding energy. Because of lower solubility of pyromorphite compared to cerussite, the APRs are more effective in immobilizing Pb than that of PRs.     

Degradation of pyrene by immobilized microorganisms in saline-alkaline soil

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is very difficult in saline-alkaline soil due to the inhibition of microbial growth under saline-alkaline stress. The microorganisms that can most effectively degrade PAHs were screened by introducing microorganisms immobilized on farm byproducts and assessing the validity of the immobilizing technique for PAHs degradation in pyrene-contaminated saline-alkaline soil. Among the microorganisms examined, it was found that Mycobacterium sp. B2 is the best, and can degrade 82.2% and 83.2% of pyrene for free and immobilized cells after 30 days of incubation. The immobilization technique could increase the degradation of pyrene significantly, especially for fungi. The degradation of pyrene by the immobilized microorganisms Mucor sp. F2, fungal consortium MF and co-cultures of MB+MF was increased by 161.7% (P < 0.05), 60.1% (P < 0.05) and 59.6% (P < 0.05) after 30 days, respectively, when compared with free F2, MF and MB+MF. Scanning electron micrographs of the immobilized microstructure proved the positive effects of the immobilized microbial technique on pyrene remediation in saline-alkaline soil, as the interspace of the carrier material structure was relatively large, providing enough space for cell growth. Co-cultures of different bacterial and fungal species showed different abilities to degrade PAHs. The present study suggests that Mycobacterium sp. B2 can be employed for in situ bioremediation of PAHs in saline-alkaline soil, and immobilization of fungi on farm byproducts and nutrients as carriers will enhance fungus PAH-degradation ability in saline-alkaline soil.     

固定化白地霉处理高硬度及高矿化度岩溶水的研究

为了使白地霉固定化小球处理太原市地下岩溶水达到最佳絮凝效果,分别研究了白地霉菌体的最佳扩大培养条件.同时,分别选用海藻酸钠(SA)、聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(PVA-SA)及聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠-明胶(PVA-SA-明胶)作为固定化剂,固定化白地霉菌体,进行絮凝性能分析.最后,确定了固定化小球处理岩溶水的最佳搅拌时间及投加量,并与六水合氯化铝、自制三元复合吸附剂及壳聚糖的5%冰醋酸溶液的絮凝效果进行了比较.结果表明,将白地霉种子培养基按3%的接种量接入白地霉扩大培养基3中进行扩大培养,可在第2d获取活性较好的大量白地霉菌体进行固定化.处理岩溶水时应选用PVA-SA-明胶固定化的白地霉小球,并在其投加量为4g·L-1、搅拌时间为60min时,对岩溶水矿化度、硬度的最大絮凝率分别为96.88%、50.00%.经与化学混凝剂絮凝性能对比发现,微生物絮凝剂具有操作简便、无二次污染、絮凝效果较好的优点.     

营养条件对污水中小球藻生长及产能效应的影响

以过滤的富营养化的鱼塘废水为培养液,添加外源的碳、氮、磷元素,考察污水中不同的外源无机碳浓度、总氮浓度、总磷浓度对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的生长、油脂含量和烃类含量的影响。在25℃、光照强度为4 500 Lux、光暗比为12L:12D的条件下培养10 d。单因子方差分析和多重比较结果表明:(1)以Na2CO3做碳源,小球藻生物量和烃类含量在外源无机碳浓度为6 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在外源无机碳浓度为12 mg/L最高。(2)以KNO3做氮源,小球藻生物量在总氮浓度为25 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在总氮浓度为15 mg/L时最高,烃含量在总氮浓度为20 mg/L时最高。(3)以KH2PO4做磷源,小球藻生物量和烃类含量在总磷浓度为2 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在总磷浓度为1.5 mg/L时最高。     

开放系统下方解石对磷的去除

通过批量平衡法,研究开放系统条件下方解石对磷的去除特性.结果表明:1方解石在开放系统中的预平衡过程,在24h左右便能完成;2动力学的结果表明,当初始浓度为0.5 mg·L~(-1)时,磷去除在前10 h内便完成很大部分,推测其去除行为主要由表面吸附进行;当初始浓度为2.5 mg·L~(-1)时,磷去除主要是靠后期的磷沉淀方式来完成.3当初始磷浓度≤2.5 mg·L~(-1)时,反应时间设为10 h,磷的去除过程可用Langmuir等温吸附模型来较好地拟合,推测在该条件下,表面吸附是磷去除过程中的主导作用方式.4加入邻苯二甲酸的情况下,当初始磷浓度2.5 mg·L~(-1)时,磷的去除率下降了一些,这是因为此时磷去除主要通过表面吸附完成,而邻苯二甲酸与磷共同竞争表面上的吸附位点;当初始磷浓度2.5 mg·L~(-1)时,磷的去除率增大了一些,这是因为邻苯二甲酸的加入促进了钙浓度的增加,从而促进磷通过钙以沉淀的形式去除.     

磷差异性调控水稻根际nirK/nirS型反硝化菌组成与丰度

磷作为一种重要的生命元素,对反硝化微生物的活性和功能有重要影响.反硝化功能基因nir K和nir S是编码亚硝酸还原酶的两种同工酶基因,但是,磷对具有同种功能的nir K和nir S型反硝化菌的调控是否存在差异尚不十分清楚.本文采集严重缺磷红壤性水稻土设置水稻盆栽试验,通过外源添加磷肥设置对照(CK,P:0 mg·kg-1),低磷(P1,P:15 mg·kg-1),高磷(P2,P:30 mg·kg-1)这3个磷添加水平,研究不同磷水平对水稻亚硝酸还原酶基因的组成与丰度的调控作用.结果表明,在长期缺磷土壤上施用磷肥对含亚硝酸还原酶基因nir K和nir S的细菌种群的调控作用有明显差异.不管是根际还是非根际土,含nir S的微生物种群均对施磷水平表现敏感,尤其是高磷(P2)水平,施磷可导致nir S丰度提高2～3倍,同时显著改变nir S型反硝化微生物的组成结构.相比之下,施磷后含nir K基因的微生物组成结构和丰度变异较小.与非根际土壤相比,高磷水平条件下根际土中nir S的基因拷贝数和群落结构均发生了显著变化,缺磷和低磷条件下水稻生长只引起根际土nir S种群组成结构发生显著变化,但其丰度与非根际无显著差异.但不同磷水平条件下nir K的基因丰度和组成结构在根际和非根际土之间几乎无显著变化.综上所述,在严重缺磷水稻土中加施磷肥会显著提高水稻根际和非根际土中nir K和nir S型反硝化菌数量,并改变其种群组成结构,且nir S比nir K型种群响应更敏感.不同磷水平条件下的水稻根系生长均显著改变了根际土壤中nir K和nir S种群组成结构,但除了在高磷水平条件下显著增加了nir S丰度外,对nir K和nir S丰度均影响较小.研究结果可为进一步深入探究施肥对土壤反硝化过程的影响提供理论依据.     

固定化小球藻对海水养殖废水氮磷的处理

本研究利用海藻酸钠（SA）作为载体、以氯化钙（CaCl₂）为交联剂,探究小球藻最佳固定化条件及其对海水养殖废水氨氮和磷酸盐的处理效果.通过对比不同浓度SA和CaCl₂对小球藻生长的影响及不同固定化条件的藻球对氨氮、磷酸盐处理效果,确定最佳固定化条件为2.0% SA和2.0% CaCl₂.对比固定化藻球和悬浮小球藻对模拟海水养殖废水氨氮、磷酸盐去除效果,结果表明固定化藻球比悬浮藻液对氮、磷处理效果更好.其中低接种率（1：10）固定化藻球的最大氨氮、磷酸盐去除率分别为63.26%和62.76%.固定化小球藻浓度越高,其净化能力越强,高接种率（1：1）固定化藻球的最大氨氮、磷酸盐去除率分别是85.16%和75.94%.连续流运行下固定化藻球对海水养殖废水氨氮、磷酸盐的平均去除率分别为84.49%和72.17%.小球藻固定化态保留并延长了悬浮态生长活性,提高了对海水养殖废水脱氮除磷效果.     

NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN SEDIMENTS AS AFFECTED BY CHEMICAL AMENDMENTS1

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to elucidate some of the chemical factors affecting the rate and pathways of N transformations in lake sediments. The main emphasis was placed on modifying a noncalcareous sediment with CaCO₃ to approximate the composition of a calcareous sediment. Additionally, the effects of Ca²⁺, CO₃^2-, Mg2⁺ and OH^- were evaluated by using appropriate chemicals. Further, the effect of aluminum sulfate was evaluated with both sediment types. Sediment pH at 7 days was not affected by CaCO₃, but was decreased by aluminum sulfate. The CaCO₃ treatment increased the rate of ammonification, nitrification, reduction of acetylene to ethylene and methane formation, while with few exceptions the other treatments decreased the rate of the transformations studied. Aluminum sulfate, which has been proposed as a lake restoration treatment, increased ammonification but decreased most of the other transformations.     

磷酸钙盐法回收剩余污泥超声波处理上清液中磷的研究

在污泥减量化处理中,细胞微生物中的碳氮磷等会释放到上清液中。为了对上清液中的磷进行有效回收,在前期研究的基础上,以生物厌氧好氧除磷(An/O)工艺的剩余污泥超声波处理上清液为研究对象,考察了磷酸钙盐(HAP)法的磷回收效果。结果表明:HAP法反应较快,5 min时反应基本完成;初始pH值在8.5～10.0时,回收率均可保持在较高水平;最佳钙磷比(Ca2+/PO34--P)为3.87。在以上最佳工艺条件下,总磷(TP)、正磷酸盐(PO34--P)的回收率分别达到88.4%、94.0%,同时对上清液中的有机物、氮也有一定的去除。