Critical Assessment of Claims Regarding Management of Feral Cats by Trap–Neuter–Return

Abstract:  Many jurisdictions have adopted programs to manage feral cats by trap–neuter–return (TNR), in which cats are trapped and sterilized, then returned to the environment to be fed and cared for by volunteer caretakers. Most conservation biologists probably do not realize the extent and growth of this practice and that the goal of some leading TNR advocates is that cats ultimately be recognized and treated as "protected wildlife." We compared the arguments put forth in support of TNR by many feral cat advocates with the scientific literature. Advocates promoting TNR often claim that feral cats harm wildlife only on islands and not on continents; fill a natural or realized niche; do not contribute to the decline of native species; and are insignificant vectors or reservoirs of disease. Advocates also frequently make claims about the effectiveness of TNR, including claims that colonies of feral cats are eventually eliminated by TNR and that managed colonies resist invasion by other cats. The scientific literature contradicts each of these claims. TNR of feral cats is primarily viewed and regulated as an animal welfare issue, but it should be seen as an environmental issue, and decisions to implement it should receive formal environmental assessment. Conservation scientists have a role to play by conducting additional research on the effects of feral cats on wildlife and by communicating sound scientific information about this problem to policy makers.     

饲料级磷酸氢钙生产中预中和渣的综合利用

介绍了用饲料级磷酸氢钙生产中的预中和渣制造复混肥，改性磷铵和磷酸钠等产品的具体方法。     

溶液pH对红壤吸持磷机理的影响

本文研究了湘南红壤对磷酸盐的吸附机理。结果表明，在通常ｐＨ范围内，第四纪红粘土母质对Ｈ２Ｐ０４＾－的吸附等温式以Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ方程式最好；而且吸附量远远大于旱地红壤。当介质ｐＨ很低时，红壤磷酸盐吸附量随ｐＨ的升高而增加，至ｐＨ２．９附近时出现最大吸附值，然后随介质ｐＨ的升高，吸附量逐渐减少。说明磷酸盐最大吸附ｐＨ的产生是由土壤交换性铝的含量及水解、土壤电荷零点及磷酸盐水解常数等因素决定。     

The Relationship Between Iodine, Chlorinity, Ph, Reactive Phosphate, Nitrite and Organic Matter in the Coastal Water of Alexandria

Water samples were taken from 12 stations at El-Dikheila Harbour, El-Mex Bay, Western Harbour, Qayet Bey outfall, Eastern Harbour, El-Ibrahemiya, Gleem, Sidi Bishr and Mandara, during January, April, August and November 1995. the area lies between latitude 31˚ 8' and 31˚ 17' North and longitude 29˚ 47' and 30˚ East. the annual mean of chlorinity (11.69-20.5%₀), pH (7.9-8.3), reactive phosphate (0.31-2.24 μM), nitrite (0.18-1.98 μM), oxidizable organic matter (1.97-8.95 mgO₂ 1^-1), iodide (21.14-46.74 μg 1^-1) and iodate (4.61-2.04 μg 1^-1) were measured. Iodide content in water is three times higher than iodate. Iodide is positively correlated with chlorinity (r=0.65) and iodate (r=0.45), while it is negatively correlated with nitrite (r= -0.72), oxidizable organic matter (r= -0.55) and pH (r= -0.4).     

RADIUM - 226 IN GROUND WATER OF WEST CENTRAL FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Principal U.S. phosphate production is from central Florida where mining, processing, and waste disposal practices intimately associate the industry with water resouces. Available radium-226 data from 1966 and from 1973–1976 in mined and unmined mincralized areas and nonmineralized areas in the primary study area in Polk, Hardee, Hillsborough, Manatee, and De Soto counties were studied using log-normal probability plots and nonparametric statistical tests for significant difference as functions of time, depth, and location. Plots of radium in the water table and Floridan aquifers for mineralized and nonmineralized areas indicate that neither phosphate mineralization nor the industry is a probable factor. For the Lower Floridan aquifer, three separate radium populations are indicated with geometric means of 0.7, 3, and 10 pCi/1. Geometric mean radium-226 content of the water table aquifer is 0.17 pCi/1. Radium in the Floridan aquifer in Manatee and Sarasota Counties is elevated relative to that in the water table and in other areas of Florida. For Sarasota County, geometric mean radium content of the water table is 15 pCi/l versus 7.5 pCi/l in the Floridan. Potential sources include shallow phosphate sediments and monazite sands and possibly crystalline basement rocks or other strata unrelated to phosphatic zones of current economic interest. The existing radium-226 data base is rather marginal in terms of number and spatial distribution of analyses, particularly for the water table and Upper Floridan aquifer. Existing radium data do not substantiate widespread contamination of ground water as a result of the phosphate industry. However, local contamination associated with specific operations has occurred.     

黄铁矿活化过硫酸盐降解磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯的性能及影响因素

有机磷酸酯(OPEs)作为一种高效阻燃剂被广泛应用于各种消费品中,并伴随着产品的生产、使用和丢弃等过程而进入环境,且因其具有一定的毒性从而给生态安全带来潜在威胁.本文选择毒性较大的磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP)作为研究对象,利用黄铁矿活化过硫酸盐(FeS_2-PS)产生自由基使其降解,并探讨了HCO~-_3、Cl~-、H_2PO~-_4、NO~-_3和Fe~(3+)、NH~+_4、Ca~(2+)、Cu~(2+)这8种无机离子和腐殖酸(HA)对TCEP降解的影响.结果表明,黄铁矿活化过硫酸盐能高效降解TCEP,且通过电子顺磁共振波谱仪(EPR)检测发现体系中·OH和SO■是TCEP发生降解的主要原因.TCEP在FeS_2-PS体系中的降解率随HA浓度的升高而降低.因此,利用4种金属螯合剂环糊精、草酸、柠檬酸钠和乙二胺四乙酸二钠验证得出,Fe~(2+)易与它们络合,导致活性物质减少;无机离子中的Cl~-和Fe~(3+)能促进TCEP的降解,而HCO~-_3和H_2PO~-_4则显著抑制了TCEP的降解.本研究成果可为黄铁矿活化过硫酸盐在实际中的应用提供理论依据.     

EDTA对剩余污泥磷释放及MAP法磷回收影响

探究乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）的添加对剩余污泥厌氧过程中磷释放及后续鸟粪石（MAP）法磷回收的影响.根据EDTA添加量对污泥上清液中总磷（TP）、蛋白质、多糖、DNA和SCOD的影响确定了最优释磷条件,采用响应曲面法（RSM）构建MAP磷回收的二次多项式模型并验证了模型的有效性.结果表明：EDTA添加量为5mmol/L,厌氧5d时预处理效果最佳.污泥SCOD破解度（DD）和TP、DNA、蛋白质及多糖均有显著相关,其中TP相关性最强,皮尔逊相关系数为0.866.MAP磷回收的最佳工艺参数是：pH=9.5,n（Mg）：n（P）=1.6,搅拌时间22min,此时磷回收率可达95.68%,形成晶体的主要成分为磷酸铵镁（MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O）,纯度为79.19%.     

CO2含量对污泥燃烧Fuel-N析出特性的影响

在模拟水泥分解炉气氛条件下,考察了CO_2浓度对污泥燃料N(Fuel-N)析出特性的影响,结果表明污泥Fuel-N的析出形式主要为NH_3、HCN及NO_x.在研究的CO_2浓度范围(体积分数0～35%)内,CO_2浓度的升高将消耗更多的含氮位点和H自由基,导致NH_3的析出受到抑制;而CO_2能直接氧化HCN或—CN官能团,导致HCN的析出随着CO_2浓度的升高逐渐降低.NO_x的析出量随CO_2含量的升高先减小后升高,在25%时达到最小值.NO_x的生成和还原反应是同步发生的,在燃烧温度和O_2含量一定的情况下,NO_x的析出主要受NO_x还原反应的影响,研究表明燃烧过程中同时存在NO_x的气相均相还原反应和气固异相还原反应.当CO_2浓度从0上升至25%时,CO_2分子与污泥焦反应生成的CO相对增加,在污泥焦表面的催化作用下,NO_x被CO还原的量增多,此时污泥焦对NO_x的气固异相还原占据主导地位;继续增加CO_2浓度至35%时,还原性气体HCN生成幅度下降较大,此时HCN、NH_3对NO_x的气气均相还原占据主导地位,导致NO_x的析出逐渐升高.     

有机磷和无机磷材料修复铅污染土壤

近年来,城市工业污染场地严重威胁着人居环境安全,其中土壤铅污染问题比较突出。为加强对铅污染土壤的风险管控,采取磷酸氢二钠（DSP）和植酸（PA）钝化处理铅污染土壤,采用BCR形态分析法和固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法-醋酸缓冲溶液法（HJ/T 300—2007）评价土壤铅赋存化学形态和浸出毒性。结果表明：DSP与PA对污染土壤pH的影响差异比较明显,但均能有效降低污染土壤的铅浸出浓度,并满足生活垃圾填埋场入场标准限值（0.25 mg?L^?1）;随添加比例增加,DSP与PA均能促使土壤中铅元素由活泼态（酸可提取态和可还原态）向稳定态（残渣态）转变,且PA钝化效果优于DSP;两种磷材料处理后的土壤浸出毒性与酸可提取态均表现出显著相关性,同样地,PA优于DSP。可见,PA对铅污染土壤具有良好的固铅作用。     

磷输入对湖滨底泥砷形态转化及生态风险的影响

为探究底泥As（砷）形态转化与磷（P）的内在关联,揭示湖滨底泥中As形态和磷形态转化带来的生态风险,选取云南阳宗海湖滨湿地底泥为研究对象,通过设置上覆水不同水平磷（K₂HPO₄,以P计）输入〔ρ（P）分别为0、1、5、10、20、60 mg/L〕的短期（1~72 h）和长期（7~30 d）扰动室内模拟试验,基于底泥对磷的等温吸附模型拟合结果,探究底泥中As释放及As与磷形态转化的规律.结果表明:①短期试验中,磷输入量为0~5 mg/L时,底泥As释放量为0.004~0.009 mg/L;磷输入量≥10 mg/L时,底泥As释放量为0.052~0.120 mg/L.②长期试验中,第7、15、30天底泥中w（TAs）平均值分别为（13.31±1.87）（10.39±0.74）（17.88±0.65）mg/kg,呈先降后升的趋势.③随着磷输入量的升高,底泥中As和磷的形态均表现为由非活性态向活性态（弱酸提取态As和磷酸二钙）转化,As和磷的生物可利用性增加.研究显示,磷输入能促进底泥中As和磷由非活性态向活性态转化,增加其生物可利用性,生态风险相应增加.