Weak magnetic field accelerates chromate removal by zero-valent iron

Weak magnetic field(WMF) was employed to improve the removal of Cr(VI) by zero-valent iron(ZVI) for the first time. The removal rate of Cr(VI) was elevated by a factor of 1.12–5.89 due to the application of a WMF, and the WMF-induced improvement was more remarkable at higher Cr(VI) concentration and higher p H. Fe2+was not detected until Cr(VI) was exhausted, and there was a positive correlation between the WMF-induced promotion factor of Cr(VI) removal rate and that of Fe2+release rate in the absence of Cr(VI) at pH 4.0–5.5. These phenomena imply that ZVI corrosion with Fe2+release was the limiting step in the process of Cr(VI) removal. The superimposed WMF had negligible influence on the apparent activation energy of Cr(VI) removal by ZVI, indicating that WMF accelerated Cr(VI)removal by ZVI but did not change the mechanism. The passive layer formed with WMF was much more porous than without WMF, thereby facilitating mass transport. Therefore,WMF could accelerate ZVI corrosion and alleviate the detrimental effects of the passive layer, resulting in more rapid removal of Cr(VI) by ZVI. Exploiting the magnetic memory of ZVI, a two-stage process consisting of a small reactor with WMF for ZVI magnetization and a large reactor for removing contaminants by magnetized ZVI can be employed as a new method of ZVI-mediated remediation.     

缓控释肥深施对黏性土壤麦田氮素去向的影响

黏性土壤严重影响土壤水肥运移.采取适宜的农艺措施优化土壤无机氮分布,减少该类型土壤的氮素损失是农业绿色可持续发展的关键.为明确缓控释肥种肥深施对黏性土壤麦田氮素损失的影响,选择常规化肥(CN)和缓控释肥(RCU)这2种类型肥料,采用撒播撒施(B)和机械化条播深施(D),研究了缓控释肥种肥深施对黏性土壤小麦产量、季节麦田氮素径流流失、氨挥发和N₂O排放的影响;并分析了其耕层土壤的无机氮时空分布特征.结果表明,相同肥料类型下,D处理的小麦产量显著高于B处理;而相同施肥方式下,RCU处理的产量显著高于CN处理.D-RCU处理的小麦产量最高,达6.97 t·hm^-2.季节径流和氨挥发氮损失量高于N₂O形态的氮损失,且不同损失途径对肥料类型和施肥方式的响应不同.肥料类型和径流发生时间是麦田径流氮素流失的主要影响因素.受监测年份降雨年型分配影响,RCU处理的季节径流氮素流失量(20.35 kg·hm^-2)较CN处理(10.49 kg·hm^-2)显著增加.生育后期是麦田氨挥发损失的主要时期,...     

基于Fluent的井喷失控有毒气体扩散模拟研究

井喷是石油工业生产中比较常见的一种事故,特别是高含硫气井井喷后会造成重大的人员伤亡,研究H2S气井井喷后毒气扩散规律具有重要现实意义.基于重庆开县“12·23”井喷事件的初始数据,建立了具有障碍物的含H2S气井井喷事故模型.运用Fluent软件对不同高度的障碍物、不同风速、不同井口释放速率三种工况下的含H2S气井井喷扩散情况进行了模拟研究,得出了三种工况下1000ppmH2S的最远扩散距离,为高含硫气井的应急疏散和安全规划提供参考.     

环境伦理在环境保护中的应用及意义

目前,我国对环境保护越来越重视,但是仍有许多人不能自觉地做环境的保护者,这对环境的保护、治理、修复进展有很大的影响,所以从提高人们环境保护意识出发,阐述环境保护意识的重要性,及应该加强其宣传力度.     

潮湿巷道风流温度及湿度计算方法研究

对计算潮湿巷道中风流温度和湿度的方法进行改进,提出将饱和空气含湿量与温度的关系拟合为二次曲线计算巷道壁面水分蒸发的方法,编制模拟潮湿巷道中风流与围岩热交换和巷道壁面水分蒸发的计算机程序,解算出风流温度及湿度的变化规律。并将解算结果与将饱和空气含湿量与温度的关系拟合为线形曲线时的解算结果进行分析对比,将饱和空气含湿量和温度之间的关系简单拟合为线性,风流温度的误差在通风时间较短时相对误差较大。随通风距离增长风流温度和相对湿度的误差增加。     

含氧氢气钢瓶释放过程危险性分析及处置

针对一起空气误充入氢气钢瓶而导致使用时发生多起爆炸的事故,详细分析了氢氧混合气钢瓶在释放过程中的主要危险性,对释放过程中最可能存在的点火源即静电的产生机理及静电的放电条件进行了详细的论述,应用TNT当量法对可能发生的氢气钢瓶爆炸事故的破坏强度进行了估算。针对爆炸事故的高危险性,制定了以电机作为开阀动力的远距离放空方案,并提出了接地、洒水增湿等预防静电产生的有效措施,综合考虑冲击波超压伤害和人员操作的方便,确定了合理的安全操作距离,为防止爆炸产生的碎片对周围人员、建筑的伤害,在释放场所周围及人员操作场所设置了沙包墙作为防爆掩体。     

Real-time response system for the prediction of the atmospheric transport of hazardous materials

Human urge of exploiting earth resources has resulted into unprecedented industrial development in the last century resulting into production of large quantities of hazardous chemicals. Chemical, petrochemical, nuclear, biomedical and pharmaceutical industrial accidents release large quantities of hazardous chemicals into the atmosphere. The accidental discharge during production or storage or transportation have subjected the population to be exposed to exceptionally high concentration levels of hazardous chemicals, taking them by surprise, unprepared with fatal consequences. An emergency planning organization has to be trained to combat this situation in the shortest possible time to minimize the number of causalities. The present paper focuses on computation of dispersion model, using emission source, accident location and online metrological data near to the sources, to provide necessary and accurate results swiftly. The predicted ground level concentrations with the hazardous nature of the chemical, speed and direction of plume, the emergency team will be supplied with all the information in graphical easy to grasp form, superimposed over a GIS map or the latest satellite image of the area.

The emergency team has to be trained for all past scenarios and their preparedness, response and actions must be practiced regularly to be able to abate chemical releases accidentally or intentionally.

Accidental releases of chlorine and ammonia gases in residential and industrial areas are simulated. The predicted ground level concentrations in the effected areas are shown after different time intervals. For low vapor pressure chemical, the dispersion time is large and concentration levels are low but persist for prolonged time while for volatile chemical, the concentrations are high in short time and recovering to safe environment is quick.     

高压水射流粉碎的压力释放效应

高压水射流粉碎是一个对物料颗粒加压后再将压力释放的过程 ,在这一过程中由于颗粒受压存储的弹性应变能的迅速释放 ,使颗粒以拉应力形式破坏实现颗粒的压力释放粉碎。笔者的理论分析和实验研究表明 :当压力达到某一值后释放 ,可以实现颗粒的破裂粉碎 ;实现压力释放粉碎作用的应力低于材料的抗压强度 ,但高于材料的抗拉强度 ;而且压力越高 ,粉碎效果越好。该研究成果为探索高压水射流粉碎机理和粉碎实践提供了有力的依据。     

热释放速率设定方式的几点讨论

如何结合给定的火灾场景合理地设定热释放速率的变化规律是火灾危险分析中的一个题.对现有的设定火灾热释放速率的方法进行了分析,在前人研究的基础上完善了分段平均方法和分段线性方法,并通过两个实例说明如何应用现有的方法来合理地设定出火灾热释放速率曲线,为今后火灾热释放速率曲线设定工作的发展提供了一条思路.     

露头煤层自燃相似实验研究及热释放速率计算

为了研究露头煤层自燃发火过程以及判定火灾发展状态与趋势,自主设计了露头煤层自燃过程相似模拟系统实验装置。通过分析相似模拟实验数据,得到火区气体CO_2,CO,O_2体积分数与温度之间的变化关系具有良好的相关性,可作为判定火灾状态的标志性气体,并拟合出O_2体积分数与温度之间的关系方程。根据氧消耗原理及相关理论,得到了煤在干燥环境中阴燃状态下的热释放速率简化关系方程,为煤田火灾的研究和防治提供了参考依据。