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121.
Sustainable Agriculture: New Paradigms and Old Practices? Increased Production with Management of Organic Inputs in Senegal 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Amadou Makhtar Diop 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》1999,1(3-4):285-296
Farmers in Sahelian countries are confronted with a variety of soil fertility and management problems. During the last two decades, NGOs have worked with farmers and research institutions to develop and test practices that will increase food production, while at the same time enhance the natural resource base.Since 1987, The Rodale Institute (RI) has worked closely with farmers' associations and government institutions to promote regenerative agriculture-farming systems that prioritize the use of local resources while improving them as they are used to grow food, using agro-ecological methods. The Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute has collaborated in this program as a partner of RI. The Senegal Regenerative Agriculture Resource Center model has been applied as a new and viable approach that builds on traditional knowledge and farmer-to-farmer exchange.Research results on soil conservation and improvement have shown that fields spread with amended animal manure or compost yield greater harvests than fields farmed with traditional methods. 相似文献
122.
123.
Abstract: Identifying relationships between landscape hydrogeological setting, riparian hydrological functioning and riparian zone sensitivity to climate and water quality changes is critical in order to best use riparian zones as best management practices in the future. In this study, we investigate water table dynamics, water flow path and the relative importance of precipitation, deep ground water (DG) and seep water as sources of water to a riparian zone in a deeply incised glacial till valley of the Midwest. Data indicate that water table fluctuations are strongly influenced by soil texture and to a lesser extent by upland sediment stratigraphy producing seeps near the slope bottom. The occurrence of till in the upland and at 1.7‐2 m in the riparian zone contributes to maintaining flow parallel to the ground surface at this site. Lateral ground‐water fluxes at this site with a steep topography in the upland (16%) and loam soil near the slope bottom are small (<10 l/d/m stream length) and intermittent. A shift in flow path from a lateral direction to a down valley direction is observed in the summer despite the steep concave topography and the occurrence of seeps at the slope bottom. Principal component and discriminant analysis indicate that riparian water is most similar to seep water throughout the year and that DG originating from imbedded sand and gravel layers in the lower till unit is not a major source of water to riparian zones in this setting. Water quality data and the dependence of the riparian zone for recharge on seep water suggest that sites in this setting may be highly sensitive to changes in precipitation and water quality in the upland in the future. A conceptual framework describing the hydrological functioning of riparian zones on this setting is presented to generalize the finding of this study. 相似文献
124.
Contamination of oxygen-consuming organics (OCOs) was one of the most serious problems in the Yellow River of China. This
study was conducted to analyze monitoring of the data on OCOs contamination for the river in 1980 and during 1992–1999 as
well as examining the effect of suspended solids (SS) on chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) of river water. Several significant results have arisen from the study. First, CODMn and BOD5 of the river water showed an increasing trend from the upper to the lower reaches of the mainstream. BOD5 values of river water in 1992 were significantly higher than those in 1980 and showed an increasing trend during 1992–1999.
Second, OCOs in river water of the mainstream was attributed mainly to point sources; the ratio of point to non-point sources
of BOD5 was about 2.81. The load from point sources showed an increasing trend during 1992–1998. In contrast, the load from non-point
sources manifested a decreasing trend during this period; this was caused by the decreasing trend of SS content in river water.
The total load of BOD5 from point and non-point sources displayed an increasing trend during 1992–1998. Third, as the humic substances in SS can
hardly be biologically oxidized in natural conditions but can be oxidized by chemical oxidants such as potassium permanganate,
CODMn was not suitable for being regarded as a parameter reflecting the pollution degree of OCOs in river water with a high SS
content. 相似文献
125.
Louise Simonsen Inge S. Fomsgaard Bo Svensmark Niels Henrik Spliid 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):365-375
The fate of glyphosate and its degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) was studied in soil. Labeled glyphosate was used to be able to distinguish the measured quantities of glyphosate and AMPA from the background values since the soil was sampled in a field where glyphosate had been used formerly. After addition of labeled glyphosate, the disappearance of glyphosate and the formation and disappearance of AMPA were monitored. The resulting curves were fitted according to a new EU guideline. The best fit of the glyphosate degradation data was obtained using a first-order multi compartment (FOMC) model. DT50 values of 9 days (glyphosate) and 32 days (AMPA) indicated relatively rapid degradation. After an aging period of 6 months, the leaching risk of each residue was determined by treating the soil with pure water or a phosphate solution (pH 6), to simulate rain over a non-fertilized or fertilized field, respectively. Significantly larger (p < 0.05) amounts of aged glyphosate and AMPA were extracted from the soil when phosphate solution was used as an extraction agent, compared with pure water. This indicates that the risk of leaching of aged glyphosate and AMPA residues from soil is greater in fertilized soil. The blank soil, to which 252 g glyphosate/ha was applied 21 months before this study, contained 0.81 ng glyphosate/g dry soil and 10.46 ng AMPA/g dry soil at the start of the study. Blank soil samples were used as controls without glyphosate addition. After incubation of the blank soil samples for 6 months, a significantly larger amount of AMPA was extracted from the soil treated with phosphate solution than from that treated with pure water. To determine the degree of uptake of aged glyphosate residues by crops growing in the soil, 14C-labeled glyphosate was applied to soil 6.5 months prior to sowing rape and barley seeds. After 41 days, 0.006 ± 0.002% and 0.005 ± 0.001% of the applied radioactivity was measured in rape and barley, respectively. 相似文献
126.
Dissolution of raw phosphate (apatite) in sea water of the Gulf of Aqaba was investigated through lab incubation experiments. Three types from three different sources (Al-Hasa, Al-Abyad and Esh-Shydiya) have been used for these experiments. Impact of quantity, grain size, and source (type) of raw phosphate on dissolution rate were studied. Statistical analysis shows significant differences between the results obtained from comparing each two weights; as weight of apatite increased, dissolved inorganic phosphate-phosphorus (DIP) and fluoride in sea water solution increased. The differences between the dissolution rates of raw phosphate from the three sites were not significant while the differences between the different grain size fractions were significant. Dissolution rates were inversely related to particle size. Using a worst-case scenario, a conservative estimate of the maximum increase in DIP in seawater of the Gulf of Aqaba due to the apatite particles lost to the sea during ship loading resulted in DIP concentrations of 0.03 μM per year. As the residence time of the water in the Gulf of Aqaba is about one year, the DIP concentration will not increase by more than 0.03 μM under the estimated annual quantity of exported phosphate. Fluoride will not increase by more than 0.03 mg/l under the same conditions. 相似文献
127.
为了了解硝酸磷肥生产过程中,硝酸铵溶液中加入磷酸一铵的安全性,通过自制实验装置,研究了有效磷含量对质量分数为85%的硝酸铵溶液热分解的影响。结果表明,质量分数为85%的硝酸铵和磷酸一铵混合溶液的临界爆炸温度高于纯质量分数为85%的硝酸铵溶液,稳定性更好;磷酸一铵抑制硝酸铵的热分解,随着有效磷含量的增加,硝酸铵混合溶液临界爆炸温度升高;升温速率对硝酸铵混合溶液的临界爆炸温度影响很大,随着升温速率由2℃/min升高到3℃/min,质量分数为85%的硝酸铵混合溶液的临界爆炸温度升高,不易发生爆炸,安全性更好。研究结果对硝酸磷肥的生产安全有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
128.
129.
新型纳米结构铈锰复合氧化物的磷吸附行为与机制研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
采用共沉淀法制备了一种新型铈锰复合氧化物吸附剂,对其进行了表征,并对磷吸附行为与机制进行了研究.表征结果分析表明,此氧化物由纳米级颗粒组成;铈锰复合氧化物中的铈氧化物有类似水合氧化铈的无定形结构;BET比表面积为157 m2·g-1,等电点为6.5.吸附实验结果表明,Langmuir吸附等温线模型可以更好地拟合铈锰复合氧化物对磷的吸附,最大吸附量为28.6 mg·g-1(p H=7.0);铈锰复合氧化物对磷具有较高的吸附速率,更符合准二级动力学模型;溶液p H对铈锰复合氧化物吸附磷的影响较为明显,随p H升高,吸附量降低;离子强度则影响不大;共存阴离子对吸附影响的大小顺序为Si O2-3CO2-3Cl-≥SO2-4.通过对铈锰复合氧化物吸附磷前后Zeta电位和红外谱图(FTIR)分析,可以推断磷在铈锰复合氧化物表面发生了特性吸附,磷酸根主要通过取代复合氧化物表面的金属羟基而被吸附去除. 相似文献
130.
非点源污染目前已经成为影响水体环境的重要污染。微生物源示踪技术(microbial source tracking,MST)是解决非点源污染的一项新技术,它可以确定污染的宿主来源。肠球菌esp基因和多瘤病毒JCV可以作为检测水体中人源粪便污染的分子标记,其灵敏度和特异性都很高。为分析五大流域水源地是否受到人源粪便的污染,对辽河、海河、淮河、长江和黄河五大流域典型水源地水样进行采集和检测,选取人源粪便特异病原微生物肠球菌的esp基因和多瘤病毒JCV建立了相应的MST分子检测方法。结果表明,五大流域的典型水源地采样点均有可能受到了人源粪便的污染,可为当地相关部门提供技术支持和数据参考。 相似文献