温度对生物活性炭降解卤乙酸的影响

卤乙酸(HAAs)是饮用水中常见的氯和氯胺消毒副产物,具有较高的亲水性与致癌性,为了保证水质与人体健康,各国均对其制定了相关规定。考察了生物活性碳(BAC)对9种HAA的去除性能,并探讨HAA生物降解效果随温度的变化情况与生物反应的去除机理,反应动力学与热力学。结果显示,BAC可有效去除水体中的一卤代与二卤代乙酸,难以去除三卤代乙酸。BAC的生物降解性能明显可分为2个部分:低温(5~15℃)基本不发生生物降解;高温(25~35℃)生物降解性能显著。在不同温度下,HAA的生物降解均符合一级反应动力学,反应速率常数为0.01~0.40 min-1;BAC降解HAA的过程不是逐级氢取代卤而是同时脱去所有卤素的反应,卤代乙酸生物反应的活化能为63.5~89.2 kJ/mol。     

V2O5-TiO2-AlF3/Al2O3催化臭氧化2,4-滴丙酸的氧化效能

为了提高有机物的臭氧化降解效率,工作中利用浸渍法制备了一种新型的三组分催化剂(记为V2O5-TiO2-AlF3/Al2O3)。催化臭氧化降解2,4-滴丙酸的实验结果表明,该催化剂能有效提高臭氧化的效率,体系可能遵循羟基自由基的作用机理。利用相对法计算结果表明,与单独臭氧化相比,V2O5-TiO2-AlF3/Al2O3催化臭氧化体系具有更大的Rct值。重复实验结果表明,该催化剂具有相对较好的稳定性。以上研究结果对推广催化臭氧化技术在实际废水处理中的应用具有重要的实际意义。     

氯消毒再生水中4种卤乙酸的测定和影响因素分析

再生水在回用过程中氯消毒副产物对人体产生的危害逐渐引起人们的关注.在USEPA552.3(2003)标准方法的基础上,建立了适用于检测再生水中氯消毒副产物4种卤乙酸(haloacetic acids,HAAs)的分析方法,并对加氯量、UV254、氨氮浓度等影响因素及控制方法进行了研究.研究表明,方法前处理过程简单、安全,内标、HAAs组分峰在谱图分辨良好;4种HAAs在浓度范围1～150 μg/L内呈线性关系,校准曲线相关系数均大于0.999;加标回收率在82.27％～119.9％之间,满足标准方法的要求;HAAs浓度随加氯量的增大而增大,随氨氮浓度的增大而减小,随UV254的变化不明显;先加氨后加氯的消毒方式产生的HAAs浓度最低,两点加氯产生的HAAs总量要少于单一点加氯.     

Effects of acidifying reagents on microwave treatment of dairy manure

Dairy manure, acidified using organic acids (acetic, oxalic, and citric acid) were treated with microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW/H₂O₂-AOP). The effect of a mixture of oxalic acid and commonly used mineral acids (sulfuric and hydrochloric acid) on MW/H₂O₂-AOP was also examined. Substantial amounts of phosphorus were released under MW/H₂O₂-AOP, regardless of organic acid or mineral acid used. All three organic acids were good acidifying reagents; however, only oxalic acid could remove free calcium ion in the solution, and improve settleability of dairy manure. The MW/H₂O₂-AOP and calcium removal process could be combined into a single-stage process, which could release phosphate, solubilize solids and remove calcium from dairy manure at the same time. A mixture of oxalic acid and mineral acid produced the maximum volume of clear supernatant and had an ideal molar ratio of calcium to magnesium for effective struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) crystallization process. A single-stage MW/H₂O₂-AOP would simplify the process and reduce mineral acid consumption compared to a two-stage operation. The results of a pilot scale study demonstrate that MW/H₂O₂-AOP is effective in treating manure and recovering resource from dairy farms.     

Assessment of health risk from organochlorine pesticides residues in high-fat spreadable foods produced in Poland

Currently, butter and margarine are food products attracting wide customer interest. Every day, consumers around the world buy these products for human consumption. Butter is obtained from milk fat, while margarine is derived from vegetable oils. The content of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues was examined in both types of these high fatty products. A gas chromatograph with MSD (HP 5973) detector was used for the determination of pesticides such as α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, DDT, DDD, DDE, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide. The examined products had diverse concentrations of the analyzed compounds. Visible was the division based on the origin of the product, which might be composed of animal or vegetable fats. The research has revealed the presence of OCP residues in all examined spreads. Quantities of organochlorine compounds did not pose an immediate danger to the consumers’ health. Human and environmental health risk assessment was carried out by the estimation of lifetime average daily dose (LADD) and non-carcinogenic health hazard quotient (HQ). Total estimated LADD ranged between 1.3 × 10^?5 and 3.1 × 10^?5 mg kg^?1 d^?1 for butter, and 1.9 × 10^?6 and 4.6 × 10^?6 mg kg^?1 d^?1 for margarine and mix spread. The HQ ranged between 1.1 × 10^?4 and 3.7 × 10^?4 for butter, and 1.4 × 10^?5 and 9.0 × 10^?6 for margarine and mix spread for adults. These estimated HQs were within the safe acceptable limits, indicating a negligible risk to the residents of the study area.     

Short‐chain fatty acids affect cell‐association and invasion of HEp‐2 cells by Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract

This study demonstrates that the growth of S. typhimurium in Luria Bertani broth supplemented with acetate, propionate, butyrate, or a mixture of the three SCFA, affected cell‐association and the ability to invade cultured HEp‐2 cells. Cell‐association and invasion was determined after growth for 4 h of growth in the presence of the SCFA at pH 6 and 7. The results suggest that the growth rate of the culture may have affected cell‐association and invasion since accompanying the significant decrease in growth rate in the presence of SCFA at pH 6 was a decrease in cell‐association and invasion. However, the results also suggest that the individual SCFA may play a role in modulating cell‐association and the invasion phenotype and the regulation of cell‐association and invasion by the SCFA was dependent on the concentration and the pH of the medium. Although the growth rates were similar for S. typhimurium in the SCFA mixture, butyrate (100 mM) and propionate (50 mM) at pH 6, differences in cell‐association and invasion were observed among these cultures. Also, at pH 7, differences were observed among the SCFA treatments even though the growth rates were similar.     

The effects of ethylene chlorohydrin on fatty acid synthesis 1 2 3

Abstract

Male chicks weighing 700 to 900 g. received an acute or eight doses IG of 60 or 40 mg/kg ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) respectively and were sacrificed eighteen hours after the last dose. Mitochondrial elongation of fatty acids was decreased significantly while fatty acid synthetase activity was not significantly affected by ECH treatment. Cytochrome c oxidase activity in fresh whole liver homogenate was significantly higher in chicks subjected to acute exposure with ECH when compared to the controls. Upon freezing and thawing of homogenates, cytochrome c oxidase activity increased significantly in the control group but was unchanged in the ECH group which suggests that the mitochondrial membrane integrity is compromised by the ECH treatment. Serum and liver triglyceride levels were significantly elevated in both the single and multiple ECH dose groups. Liver to body weight ratios were significantly higher in both treatment groups when compared to their controls. Histological examination of the liver of ECH‐treated chicks showed cytoplasmic clearing of the cells but no vacuolization or centri‐lobular necrosis. Serum isocitrate dehydrogenase levels were significantly higher in the multiple treatment ECH group than in the control group.     

H NMR-based metabolomics investigation of Daphnia magna responses to sub-lethal exposure to arsenic,copper and lithium

Metal and metalloid contamination constitutes a major concern in aquatic ecosystems. Thus it is important to find rapid and reliable indicators of metal stress to aquatic organisms. In this study, we tested the use of ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) – based metabolomics to examine the response of Daphnia magna neonates after a 48 h exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of arsenic (49 μg L⁻¹), copper (12.4 μg L⁻¹) or lithium (1150 μg L⁻¹). Metabolomic responses for all conditions were compared to a control using principal component analysis (PCA) and metabolites that contributed to the variation between the exposures and the control condition were identified and quantified. The PCA showed that copper and lithium exposures result in statistically significant metabolite variations from the control. Contributing to this variation was a number of amino acids such as: phenylalanine, leucine, lysine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, methionine and glutamine as well as the nucleobase uracil and osmolyte glycerophosphocholine. The similarities in metabolome changes suggest that lithium has an analogous mode of toxicity to that of copper, and may be impairing energy production and ionoregulation. The PCA also showed that arsenic exposure resulted in a metabolic shift in comparison to the control population but this change was not statistically significant. However, significant changes in specific metabolites such as alanine and lysine were observed, suggesting that energy metabolism is indeed disrupted. This research demonstrates that ¹H NMR-based metabolomics is a viable platform for discerning metabolomic changes and mode of toxicity of D. magna in response to metal stressors in the environment.     

重庆主城区PM2.5中羧酸的季节变化和来源分析

本文针对重庆主城区4个采样点PM2.5中羧酸开展研究,通过GC-MS分析,定量分析了16种饱和脂肪酸、21种不饱和脂肪酸和8种二元羧酸等多种物质的浓度水平,进而对羧酸的季节变化及来源进行了探讨.羧酸日均总浓度为130.42~1953.79 ng·m~(-3),一元脂肪酸和二元羧酸在各采样点浓度差异显著.一元脂肪酸呈明显的季节变化,夏季最高(961.97 ng·m~(-3)),冬季最低(49.24 ng·m~(-3)).饱和脂肪酸中偶数碳优势明显,以C_(16)(棕榈酸)和C_(18)(硬脂酸)最为丰富.二元羧酸也呈明显的季节变化,在冬季最高(432.04 ng·m~(-3)),春季最低(64.57 ng·m~(-3)).二元羧酸以丙二酸、丁二酸和戊二酸为主.细菌活动和烹饪油烟对一元脂肪酸具有较大的贡献,光化学氧化作用则对二元羧酸贡献较大.     

雨季不同土地利用下表层岩溶泉中脂肪酸来源分析

为阐述南川表层岩溶泉中溶解性有机质的来源,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对采自南川柏树湾(BQ)、兰花沟(LQ)、后沟(HQ)表层岩溶泉水中的脂肪酸进行定量分析.结果表明,BQ、LQ和HQ中5~7月泉水脂肪酸平均含量分别为14 870、12 912和8 801 ng·L~(-1),脂肪酸组成均表现为饱和直链脂肪酸单不饱和脂肪酸支链脂肪酸多不饱和脂肪酸,在检测到的脂肪酸中,单体脂肪酸以C16:0、C18:0含量最高,BQ、LQ、HQ中5~7月脂肪酸总浓度随时间推移呈升高趋势.各泉域植被覆盖和基岩裸露率不同,以及降雨带来的稀释作用与土壤迁移增大效应相互作用引起脂肪酸含量和组分变化.通过分析3口表层岩溶泉水中的脂肪酸分布特征和特征参数H/L、CPIh、TARFA,及细菌源、浮游植物源、陆源高等植物源脂肪酸含量发现,兰花沟泉脂肪酸5月以高等植物源为主,7月后沟泉脂肪酸以藻类来源为主,其他月的兰花沟、后沟泉、柏树湾泉的5~7月脂肪酸主要来自于细菌.