不同雨强条件下太湖流域典型蔬菜地土壤磷素的径流特征

以太湖流域典型区域无锡市近郊区鸿声镇的蔬菜地为研究对象,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,通过野外径流小区试验,研究了不同雨强对菜地土壤磷素径流流失的影响.结果表明,初始产流时间随雨强的增大呈幂函数减小(R²=0.99),径流量在雨强较小时,缓慢上升,但随着雨强的增大急剧上升,在雨强0.83、1.17和1.67 mm·min^-1时,总磷(TP)和颗粒态磷(PP)都表现为初始流失浓度较高,随降雨历时延长略有下降,最终趋于稳定,而在大雨强2.50 mm·min^-1时,TP和PP呈现波浪式起伏,没有明显的变化趋势;在整个降雨-径流过程中,溶解态磷(DP)变化比较平缓,占TP的比例为20%～32%,而PP占TP的比例为68%～80%,其变化规律与TP相一致,由此可见,PP是土壤磷素流失的主要形态;通过对比不同雨强下不同形态磷素的流失率,发现TP的流失率,大雨强2.50 mm·min^-1是小雨强0.83 mm·min^-1的20倍,而DP的流失率,却是33倍,这表明随着雨强的增加,加速土壤PP流失的同时,也大大促进了DP的流失,主要原因是降雨前表施磷肥,使得磷肥中大量的无机态磷溶解释放到水环境中,增加了DP的流失,从而会加重受纳水体富营养化的程度.     

入湖污染河流对受纳湖湾水质的影响

为研究滇池重污染湖湾——福保湾的污染现状及入湖污染河流对湖湾水质的影响,并为福保湾污染底泥固化技术示范工程提供基础数据,在福保湾布设15个采样点,采集并分析表层水中营养元素氮、磷的含量. 结果表明,福保湾氮、磷等营养元素含量的空间分布规律明显,入湖河流污染负荷对湖湾水质有较大影响. 河口附近水域水质较差,ρ(TP)高达0.7 mg/L,以不溶的颗粒态磷为主;ρ(TN)为7 mg/L左右,其中的50%以上以NH₃-N的形态存在. 随与河口间距离的增加,上覆水中ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)逐渐降低. 在距河口300 m的水域范围内,ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)的空间分布规律与A.B.卡拉乌舍夫扩散模型计算结果相符.      

浮萍与水花生净化N、P污染性能比较

以经筛选得到的本地优势浮萍和水花生为研究对象,通过设置浮萍、水花生单种和浮萍-水花生混养等三种体系,考察了其对生活污水和稀释的牛场厌氧废水N、P的净化效果。结果表明,浮萍、水花生单种体系和浮萍-水花生混养体系对供试污水TN、TP的最大去除率分别为95.2%、91.1%;80.7%、75.4%和86.4%、86.4%。低有机污染条件下,浮萍吸收N、P的能力优于水花生,但其对COD的去除能力逊色于水花生;当水体有机污染程度较高时,可通过将浮萍和水花生混养,建立共生系统,以高效、稳定地去除污染物。     

水力停留时间对膜生物反应器复合工艺污水处理特性的影响

开发了厌氧-多级好氧/缺氧-膜生物反应器复合工艺,在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下,考察了系统对污染物去除效果及其膜污染的特性.结果表明,在试验选定的HRT范围内,系统对TN和TP的去除率随着HRT的降低而升高,当HRT为8.70、6.96、4.97 h时,系统对TN和TP的平均去除率分别为73.15%、79.76%、81.98%和67.79%、80.99%、92.16%.但是,较低HRT条件下膜通量较高,会加剧膜污染进程.解决这一问题的措施是增加膜组件个数,从而在不提高膜通量的情况下使系统保持较低的HRT,保证系统高效稳定的污染物去除效果.     

剩余污泥水解酸化液磷去除的影响因素研究

城市污水厂剩余污泥水解酸化后可产生高浓度挥发性有机酸(VFAs),其中的乙酸和丙酸是增强生物除磷(EBPR)工艺的有利基质.但水解酸化液中含有大量的磷,如不进行处理就作为碳源回用到污水处理工艺中,势必增加除磷负荷.利用鸟粪石沉淀法可以去除污水中的磷.对城市污水厂剩余污泥水解酸化液形成鸟粪石的影响因素进行了试验研究.结果表明,在最佳工艺条件下,正磷和总磷的去除率分别可达92.5%和83.8%.     

低溶解氧和磷缺乏引发的非丝状菌污泥膨胀及控制

针对污泥培养过程中出现的非丝状菌污泥膨胀,分析了发生膨胀后污泥的特征、性状及其降解污染物性能.反应器中低溶解氧浓度（0～0.7mg/L）和低P/BOD₅值(0.78/100) 2种因素共同作用导致污泥膨胀.污泥胞外多聚糖含量越高,污泥憎水性越小,SVI也越高.通过提高溶解氧浓度和P/BOD₅值,可使污泥沉降性能得到恢复.此外,向膨胀污泥中投加多孔填料,在不降低处理效能的情况下,很快使系统免受污泥沉降性能恶化的困扰,而向膨胀污泥中投加强氧化剂NaClO并不能有效控制污泥膨胀.     

施用不同磷肥对植烟土壤中磷的淋失和有效磷的影响

采用土柱淋溶模拟试验和室内培养试验,研究不同磷肥施入土壤后磷的淋失和有效磷的变化.结果表明,在施磷量为35 mg/kg条件下,整个淋洗期间,钙镁磷肥、磷酸二氢钙、磷酸一氧铵、磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢钾5种肥料磷的淋失率很低;各处理从上而下各层土壤的Olsen-P质量比略有增加.施磷量为60 mg/kg、110 mg/kg、170mg/kg、230 mg/kg时.潮砂田肥料磷的淋失率分别为0.26%、0.74%、2.12%和3.17%;灰泥田肥料磷的淋失率分别为0.79%、1.31%、1.60%和1.94%.钙镁磷肥施人各种土壤后,随着培养时间的延长,土壤有效磷质量比逐渐增加,80 d后达到峰值并趋于稳定;磷酸二氢钾、磷酸二氧铵、磷酸一氢铵和磷酸二氢钙施人上壤后,土壤有效磷质量比逐渐降低,至培育60 d后.变化趋于平缓.不同土壤类型对磷的吸附固定率从大到小为潮砂田、灰泥田.     

Transformations of particles, metal elements and natural organic matter in different water treatment processes

Characterizing natural organic matter （NOM）, particles and elements in different water treatment processes can give a useful information to optimize water treatment operations. In this article, transformations of particles, metal elements and NOM in a pilot-scale water treatment plant were investigated by laser light granularity system, particle counter, glass-fiber membrane filtration, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, ultra filtration and resin absorbents fractionation. The results showed that particles, NOM and trihalomethane formation precursors were removed synergistically by sequential treatment of different processes. Preozonation markedly changed the polarity and molecular weight of NOM, and it could be conducive to the following coagulation process through destabilizing particles and colloids; mid-ozonation enhanced the subsequent granular activated carbon （GAC） filtration process by decreasing molecular weight of organic matters. Coagulation-flotation and GAC were more efficient in removing fixed suspended solids and larger particles; while sand-filtration was more efficient in removing volatile suspended solids and smaller particles. Flotation performed better than sedimentation in terms of particle and NOM removal. The type of coagulant could greatly affect the performance of coagulation-flotation. Pre-hydrolyzed composite coagulant （HPAC） was superior to FeCl3 concerning the removals of hydrophobic dissolved organic carbon and volatile suspended solids. The leakages of flocs from sand-filtration and microorganisms from GAC should be mitigated to ensure the reliability of the whole treatment system.     

Biological control experiment of excess propagation of Cyclops for drinking water security

Cyclops of zooplankton propagated excessively in eutrophic water body and could not be effectively inactivated by the conventional disinfections process like chlorination due to its stronger resistance to oxidation. In this study, an ecological project was put forward for the excess propagation control of Cyclops by stocking the filter-feeding fishes such as silver carp and bighead carp under the condition of no extraneous nutrient feeding. The results of experiments with different stocking biomass showed that the propagation of Cyclops could be controlled effectively, and the water quality was improved simultaneously by impacting on nutriment level and plankton community structure at proper stocking density of 30 g/m^3 of water. The growth of Cyclops may not be effectually controlled with lower biomass of fish （10 g）, and the natural food chain relation may be destroyed for Cyclops dying out in water while the intense stocking of 120 g per cubic meter of water. In addition, the high predator pressure may accelerate supplemental rate of nutrients from bottom sediments to water body to add the content of total nitrogen and phosphorus in water.     

丰水期鄱阳湖氮磷含量变化及来源分析

通过系统测定丰水期鄱阳湖湖水、主要支流水、长江水及部分农田水、地下水及城市污水的氮磷含量,对其氮磷含量变化及来源进行了分析,结果表明,鄱阳湖水体中主要的氮素形式是硝酸盐氮（090 mg/L）,赣江是其主要贡献者。鄱阳湖五大支流氮磷含量存在着较大的差异,赣江NO-3 N含量明显高于鄱阳湖其它主干流,而NH+4 N和TN含量以饶河的最高,TP以信江的最高。农田水、城市废水以及地下水含有较高的氮磷含量,是鄱阳湖及其五大支流氮磷的主要来源。农田水TN和TP含量最高,分别为1347、2863 mg/L。高含量的NO-3 N（735 mg/L）和NH+4 N（548 mg/L）分别出现在地下水和城市污水中。鄱阳湖水体氮负荷较大,N/P比值远大于7〖DK〗∶1。受滞留区及赣江和修水补给的影响,鄱阳湖主河道氮含量变化从上游至下游呈总体上升趋势。鄱阳湖湖体氮含量以下游最高,滞留区次之,上游主河道最低,TP含量呈相反的趋势变化。底层沉积有机物的降解和扰动导致鄱阳湖水体底层NO-3 N、NH+4 N、TN、TP的含量高于表层。