利用固定化藻菌耦合系统同步去除污水中的COD和氮磷

利用活性污泥和莱茵衣藻建立了一套固定化藻菌耦合系统同步去除污水中的COD和氮磷.系统污水日处理量为6 m3,水力停留时间为12 h.对于活性污泥部分,当厌氧槽搅拌转速为15 r.min-1,好氧槽DO值为5 mg.L-1时COD由150 mg.L-1左右降到50 mg.L-1,氨氮从20～30 mg.L-1降到0.5 ...     

农田排水中磷素对苏南太湖水系的污染

采用封闭体系和磷素平衡方法研究苏南太湖地区农业面源中磷的排出负荷量和减少排出负荷量的措施。实验结果表明,雨水较丰富的１９８７年,苏南太湖流域农田地表排出磷的总负荷量为４４０．４ｔ／ａ,而较为干旱的１９８８年为２９９．９ｔ／ａ。     

污水中黄磷的光度测定法

用一种新的分光光度法测定废水和轻度污染河水中的黄磷.水中的黄磷经有机溶剂萃取后,与硝酸银溶液反应生成亮黄色,可于分光光度计上比色测定.检测下限0.01μg;相对标准偏差0％—8％;回收率88％—100％·与磷钼酸盐光度法比较.本方法简单、快速、灵敏度高、选择性好,无毒安全.     

杭州西湖底泥释磷及其对富营养化的影响

杭州西湖是一个小型浅水湖泊,其底泥由上部藻骸腐泥和下部泥炭层构成。西湖底泥的显著特点是有机碳含量特别高,氮和磷含量也相当高。通过实验室和现场模拟研究,考察了pH、温度、溶解氧、氧化还原电位及上复水种类等环境因素对底泥释磷量和释磷速率的影响。上复水pH值在6.5—7.0范围内底泥释磷量最低;在较高或较低pH值时,底泥释磷量倍增。升高水温或降低上复水溶解氧浓度均能加速磷释放。实验室模拟西湖底泥最大释磷量为0.368μg/g。夏季现场模拟平均释磷速率为1.02mg/m~2·d;估算西湖底泥释磷量达1.346t/y,相当于年平均外部入湖磷负荷的36.4％。底泥释磷对西湖富营养化有着不容忽视的影响。     

废水的生物除磷

磷污染是造成水体富营养化的主要因子。该文介绍了去磷机制的假说:生物诱导的化学沉淀作用、生物过量积磷作用。介绍了生物除磷的原理:聚磷盐化学、聚磷盐的作用、积磷细菌以及积磷细菌在污泥中的发展。      

EVALUATION OF RUNOFF,EROSION, AND PHOSPHORUS MODELING SYSTEM—SIMPLE1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of Spatially Integrated Models for Phosphorus Loading and Erosion (SIMPLE) in predicting runoff volume, sediment loss, and phosphorus loading from two watersheds. The modeling system was applied to the 334 ha QOD subwatershed, part of the Owl Run watershed, located in Fauquier County, Virginia, and to the 2240 ha watershed, Battle Branch, located in Delaware County, Oklahoma. Simulation runs were conducted at cell and field scales, and simulation results were compared with observed data. Runoff volume and dissolved phosphorus loading were measured at the Battle Branch watershed. Runoff volume, sediment yield, and total phosphorus loading were measured at the QOD site. SIMPLE tended to underestimate runoff volumes during the dormant period, from November to March. The comparison between observed and predicted dissolved phosphorus showed better correlation than for observed and predicted total phosphorus loading. Cell level simulations provided similar estimates of runoff volume and phosphorus loading when compared to field level simulations for both watersheds. However, observed sediment yields better compared with the values predicted from the cell level simulation when compared to field level simulation. Finally, results of model evaluation indicated that SIMPLE's predictive ability is acceptable for screening applications but not for site-specific quantitative predictions.     

热带胶园土壤磷素形态和生物有效性

采用Hedley的磷素分级方法研究热带胶园土壤磷的形态,结果表明、热带胶园土壤磷主要以ResidualP、NaOH－Po和NaOH－Pi形态存在;各种形态磷的损失质量分数均高于38％;其中ResidualP和NaOH－Po的损失量最高,分别占全磷损失量的52％和16％,它们是长期耕作条件下热带胶园土壤磷两种最重要的有效磷源。     

稀土元素分馏作用研究进展

本文综述了环境中稀土元素的分馏过程以及分馏作用对其在岩石、土壤、植物、水环境中分布、迁移规律的影响,探讨了引起稀土分馏的机理,为稀土的环境化学研究提供了详实的材料。     

Approaching the upper boundary of driver-response relationships: identifying factors using a novel framework integrating quantile regression with interpretable machine learning

● A novel framework integrating quantile regression with machine learning is proposed. ● It aims to identify factors driving observations to upper boundary of relationship. ● Increasing N:P and TN concentration help fulfill the effect of TP on CHL. ● Wetter and warmer decrease potential and increase eutrophication control difficulty. ● The framework advances applications of quantile regression and machine learning. The identification of factors that may be forcing ecological observations to approach the upper boundary provides insight into potential mechanisms affecting driver-response relationships, and can help inform ecosystem management, but has rarely been explored. In this study, we propose a novel framework integrating quantile regression with interpretable machine learning. In the first stage of the framework, we estimate the upper boundary of a driver-response relationship using quantile regression. Next, we calculate “potentials” of the response variable depending on the driver, which are defined as vertical distances from the estimated upper boundary of the relationship to observations in the driver-response variable scatter plot. Finally, we identify key factors impacting the potential using a machine learning model. We illustrate the necessary steps to implement the framework using the total phosphorus (TP)-Chlorophyll a (CHL) relationship in lakes across the continental US. We found that the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio (N׃P), annual average precipitation, total nitrogen (TN), and summer average air temperature were key factors impacting the potential of CHL depending on TP. We further revealed important implications of our findings for lake eutrophication management. The important role of N׃P and TN on the potential highlights the co-limitation of phosphorus and nitrogen and indicates the need for dual nutrient criteria. Future wetter and/or warmer climate scenarios can decrease the potential which may reduce the efficacy of lake eutrophication management. The novel framework advances the application of quantile regression to identify factors driving observations to approach the upper boundary of driver-response relationships.     

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the water quality in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area during and after its construction

A survey concerning the concentration of the nutrients in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area was carried out. This paper presents the parameters(NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, KjeldahI-N, non-ionic ammonia, P-PO4 and TP)determined at 16 sampling sites from 1997 to 1999. The dominant soluble nitrogen form was NO3^- -N followed by KjeldahI-N, NO2^- -N and non-ionic ammonia. Mean values of NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, Kjeldahl-N and non-ionic ammonia ranged from 0.50 to 2.37 mg/L, 0.022 to 0.084 mg/L, 0.33 to 0.99 mg/L and 0.007 to 0.092 mg/L respectively.Mean values of P-PO4 at most sampling sites were higher than 0.1 mg/L for subject to eutrophication. The major factors influencing the concentrations of N and P might be agricultural runoff, municipal and industrial effluents. In addition, 6 kinds of soil were sampled at the area where would inundated after the dam completed. Two approaches were adopted to simulate the N and P release from the inundated soils. The results showed that the soils would release nitrogen and phosphorus to the overlying water when the soils were inundated. The characteristics of soil affected the equilibrium concentrations of N and P between the soil and the overlying water.