东海特定海区沉积物-水界面附近P释放的实验研究

以采自长江口外东海表层沉积物为对象，对不同类型的沉积物在模拟海水环境中进行了释P实验。研究表明，在静态条件下，沉积物释P量的高点出现在摇晃后10min左右，大约3h后基本趋于平衡。释P动力学可用Elovich公式与双常数速率公式进行拟合。最大释P量与沉积物的组成密切相关，以粉砂、粘土为主的沉积物释P量高，而砂质为主者释P量低。在释P实验中，铁磷(Fe-P)最为活跃，释放比例最高，其次是吸附态磷(Ad-P)和有机态磷(OP)。它们均属于生物可获得P的范畴。实验结果表明，在合适的水动力条件下，沉积物中的P可以迅速释放到水体．并影响水体的营养状杰和初级生产力。     

Influence of carbon source and temperature on the denitrifying phosphorus removal process

To supply the valuable operating parameters for the popular usage of the new denitrifying phosphors removal process, it is essential to study the dominant biochemical reactions and the characteristics of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB). Thus, parallel batch experiments using DPB sludge were carried out to assess the effect of substrates (sewage, HAc, and endogenous carbon source) on denitrifying dephosphorus removal efficiency in this study. The results showed that the initial specific phosphorus release rate increased with the high concentration of the short-chain volatile fatty acids ratio in the influent, and sufficient phosphorus was released by DPB. This improved the subsequent denitrification and phosphorus uptake efficiency. The specific endogenous denitrification mainly relies on the internal carbon source (PHB) stored by poly-P bacteria. Denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria were very hungry when the internal PHB was consumed. Consequently, the specific endogenous denitrification rate was low and the phosphorus uptake did not happen. On the other hand, in the experiment, the denitrifying phosphorus removal performance under two temperature conditions (8–10°C and 25–26°C) was also investigated and analyzed. It was found that the lower temperature decreased the specific phosphorus release and uptake rate, but did not inhibit the denitrifying phosphorus removal completely. Therefore, the negative influence of the low temperature on the overall phosphorus removal was not significant. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26 (2): 186–192 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

气相色谱法用ECD测定有机磷农药

选用固定液选择得当的色谱柱，采用ECD检测器测定有机磷农药的寒冷含量，能得到理想的测定效果。     

含磷废水处理的研究现状

简要介绍了含磷废水造成的富营养化问题所带来的危害，分析了含磷废水的主要来源，详尽介绍了当前处理含磷废水的各种不同方法，主要介绍了化学沉淀法、生物法、吸附法等在含磷废水处理方面的应用。最后，简要介绍了排放废水污染的控制与恢复。     

生活废水生物除磷工艺研究

综述了生活废水生物除磷工艺的基本原理以及目前国内流行的几种除磷方法，并且探讨了生物除磷的影响因素，对新工艺做了假想。     

POTENTIAL PHOSPHORUS LOAD REDUCTIONS UNDER THE LAKE OKEECHOBEE REGULATORY PROGRAM1

ABSTRACT: Nutrient loading from beef pastures located within the northern Lake Okeechobee watershed in Florida, has been identified as a source of phosphorus contributing to the accelerated eutrophication of the lake. Since 1989 within the watershed, 557 agricultural drainage sites, mainly beef pasture, have been monitored for compliance under a regulatory program. Of those sites, 154 were actively monitored for phosphorus concentrations from October 1, 1998, to September 30, 1999. Of these 154 sites, 77 were considered to be out of compliance (OOC). An OOC site is defined as having runoff with a 12‐month average phosphorus concentration exceeding the permitted discharge limit. The average annual phosphorous load from the 77 OOC sites for an eight‐year study period from October 1, 1991, to September 30, 1999, was estimated using measured concentration values and simulated runoff obtained from an agricultural nonpoint source pollution model, CREAMS‐WT. The 77 OOC sites produced an estimated average annual 46 metric tonnes of phosphorus load, of which an estimated 22 tonnes of phosphorus reached Lake Okeechobee on an average annual basis. The remaining estimated average annual 24 tonnes of phosphorus load was retained by streams and wetlands in the discharge transport system between the sites and the lake. The estimated average annual load reaching Lake Okeechobee from the OOC sites represented 11 percent of the phosphorus load above a five‐year average annual target load for the lake. However, the OOC site drainage areas represented only 3 percent of the northern watershed that drains into the lake. Of the 77 OOC sites, 12 sites had an average annual phosphorus loading rate equal to or greater than 3.0 kg/ha and were placed on the priority list for the Critical Restoration Project in the Lake Okeechobee watershed. To estimate the possible phosphorus load reductions from the 77 sites, two scenarios were modeled. The first scenario reduced phosphorus concentrations in runoff to the permitted discharge limits under the Lake Okeechobee regulatory program. The second scenario changed current land uses to native rangeland with an estimated annual offsite total phosphorus areal loading rate of 0.114 kg/ha. These two scenarios are hypothetical with assumed concentration values and loading rate. Model results showed that the first management scenario reduced the average annual phosphorus load to the lake by an estimated 15 tonnes. The second scenario reduced the average annual phosphorus load to the lake by an estimated 21 tonnes.     

晶析辅助化学沉淀法处理高含磷废水

在常温条件下,将价格低廉的氯化镁、碳酸氢铵加入到高浓度含磷废水中,不仅有较高的除磷率,且可兼得缓效复合肥MgNH4PO4·6H2O。为了使一次处理液能达标排放,以MgNH4PO4·6H2O作为晶种,采用晶析辅助化学沉淀法进一步除磷。在一次处理液放置时间为2.7h、水力停留时间维持0.1h左右的条件下,处理后的废水可达到Ⅱ类水排放标准(磷质量浓度不超过2.0mg/L)。     

三峡库区支流的河-湖两态及其对沉积物不同形态磷含量的影响

三峡大坝独特的调度运行方式决定了三峡库区支流在水动力方面显著区别于自然河流.为探究库区特殊调水机制下支流沉积物内源磷的动态变化,于2016年在库区北岸最大支流澎溪河中游的高阳平湖段进行了 8次(1、3～8和10月,每月一次)水体和沉积物样品采集,分析其不同形态磷含量,并对流速、水深和沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性等进行了一系列分...     

高磷沉积物有机磷形态分布及释放动力学特征——以宜昌西北口水库为例

为探究高磷背景水库沉积物中有机磷(OP)的空间分布及OP释放动力学特征, 本文采用Ivannoff法对西北口水库沉积物中的OP进行分级提取, 通过沉积物OP释放动力学模拟实验, 探讨了表层沉积物OP的释放特征, 以及沉积物理化性质对其响应.结果表明, 西北口水库沉积物OP含量为210.3~455.2mg/kg, 平均含量为322.9mg/kg, 占总磷(TP)的18.3%.OP含量空间分布呈现库中(363.2mg/kg)>库首(339.3mg/kg)>库尾(266.1mg/kg)的变化规律, 垂向上随深度的增加而减小.西北口水库不同形态OP的含量表现为: 非活性有机磷(NOP)>中活性有机磷(MLOP)>活性有机磷(LOP), 其中NOP含量占OP的65.3%, 是西北口水库沉积物OP的主要存在形式.准一级动力学模型是描述西北口水库库首、库中和库尾沉积物OP释放动力学曲线的最优方程(R²=0.98~0.99, P < 0.01), 在0~1h表征为快速释放过程, 所释放的OP含量占最大释放量(Q_max)的55.68%~79.55%, 随后进入慢速释放过程, 逐渐达到Q_max, Q_max在1.4~3.1mg/kg之间.该水库沉积物中LOP和MLOP是主要向上覆水体释放的磷形态.     

不同紫云英基因型对难溶性磷吸收利用的影响

通过石英砂培养试验,研究了不同基因型对紫云英（Astragalus sinicus）吸收和利用难溶性磷酸盐（Al-P和Fe-P）的影响。结果表明,紫云英在不同磷源中的生长性状、生物量以及植株不同部位的吸磷量有很大差异。从株高、茎粗、分枝数性状方面来看,均表现为K-P〉Al-P〉Fe-P〉CK,且两种难溶性磷处理之间差异达到显著或极显著水平。对大多数紫云英基因型来说Al-P的地上部、地下部及总干物质量都显著大于Fe-P,说明紫云英更容易活化和吸收Al-P。闽紫6号和闽紫1号在利用难溶性磷时都显著高于余江大叶和弋江籽。不同紫云英基因型在不同磷源中,地上部、地下部吸磷量及总吸磷量也均表现为K-P〉Al-P〉Fe-P〉CK,即对不同磷源的吸收能力均以K-P最高,Al-P大于Fe-P。闽紫6号和闽紫1号对难溶性磷的吸收量均高于其它3个品种,表明闽紫6号和闽紫1号对难溶性磷具有较强的溶解吸收能力。从植株吸磷量与生物量关系可以看出,紫云英植株地上部、地下部干物质量及总干物质量、鲜质量增加时,植株吸收磷的养分质量分数也随着增加,呈显著正相关。CK和Al-P处理总干物质量与总吸磷量拟合回归关系显著,但对水溶性K-P和Fe-P处理相关回归关系效果不明显,说明紫云英对难溶性磷吸收利用时,对Al-P吸收富集优于Fe-P。