Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in a combined A2/O-BAF system with a short aerobic SRT

A bench-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process-biological aerated filter （A^2/O-BAF） combined system was carded out to treat wastewater with lower C/N and C/P ratios. The A^2/O process was operated in a short aerobic sludge retention time （SRT） for organic pollutants and phosphorus removal, and denitrification. The subsequent BAF process was mainly used for nitrification. The BAF effluent was partially returned to anoxic zone of the A^2/O process to provide electron acceptors for denitrification and anoxic P uptake. This unique system formed an environment for reproducing the denitdfying phosphate-accumulating organisms （DPAOs）. The ratio of DPAOs to phosphorus accumulating organisms （PAOs） could be maintained at 28% by optimizing the organic loads in the anaerobic zone and the nitrate loads into the anoxic zone in the A^2/O process. The aerobic phosphorus over-uptake and discharge of excess activated sludge was the main mechanism of phosphorus removal in the combined system. The aerobic SRT of the A^2/O process should meet the demands for the development of aerobic PAOs and the restraint on the nitrifiers growth, and the contact time in the aerobic zone of the A^2/O process should be longer than 30 min, which ensured efficient phosphorus removal in the combined system. The adequate BAF effluent return rates should be controlled with 1--4 mg/L nitrate nitrogen in the anoxic zone effluent of A^2/O process to achieve the optimal nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies.     

不同形态磷对沉积物-水界面浮游植物增殖及群落结构演替的影响

探讨了不同磷形态对沉积物-水界面浮游植物增殖及群落结构演替的影响,以九龙江北溪西陂水库沉积物-上覆水体(水体藻类丰度为7.2×10~4cells·L~(-1),以硅藻、绿藻、蓝藻为主,分别占藻类丰度的49.16%、32.40%、17.32%)为研究对象,磷源包括:无机磷(NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O)、有机磷(单磷酸腺苷,AMP)、SMT方法提取沉积物总无机磷(SMT-TP)、鲜沉积物(Sediment)和野外原水(OW).结果表明,无机磷和有机磷(N∶P=20∶1)培养组对藻类增殖有明显促进作用.其中,无机磷组中浮游植物群落结构演替为以蓝藻和绿藻为主,分别占藻类丰度的76.67%和23.34%;有机磷组中浮游植物群落则演替为以绿藻为主,占藻类丰度的92.51%.在低磷组(N∶P=25∶1)、野外原水(N∶P=17∶1)、SMT-TP组(N∶P=10∶1)中,浮游植物群落结构从硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻演替为以蓝藻和绿藻为主,与无机磷组结果趋于一致.而鲜沉积物(N∶P=10∶1,含有无机磷和有机磷)组群落结构演变为蓝藻占优势,所占比例为71.80%.该结果表明,磷的形态对浮游植物群落结构具有重要的影响.模拟环境无机磷组、有机磷组和SMT-TP培养组中,浮游植物群落多样性具有降低的趋向,硅藻逐渐消失;而野外原水和鲜沉积物组中浮游植物群落多样性稳定,硅藻仍然存在,表明自然环境中其他元素调控水体中浮游植物群落多样性.鲜沉积物组中浮游植物群落结构逐渐演替为以蓝藻为主,暗示沉积物对蓝藻水华暴发具有重要贡献.     

生物炭输入对城郊农业区农田地表反照率及土壤呼吸的影响

为了探究生物炭输入对地表反照率及土壤呼吸的影响,通过田间小区试验的方法,在不同生物炭用量[0（CK）、0.5 kg·（m²·a）^-1（BC0.5）、4.5 kg·（m²·a）^-1（BC4.5）]不同地表条件下[种植作物（以+表示）、裸地（以-表示）],对农田地表反照率、土壤温湿度、土壤CO₂排放通量、土壤有机碳组分等指标进行了测定分析.结果表明,在作物生长前期（玉米的苗期至拔节期、小麦苗期至越冬期）,BC4.5+、BC0.5+的地表反照率相较CK+处理均有显著下降（P<0.05）,小麦季最大降幅分别为23.7%、17.9%,玉米季最大降幅分别为44.5%、44.9%.随叶面积指数增加,地表反照率在3个处理间的差异随之逐渐消失,作物覆盖可有效缓解生物炭输入导致的地表反照率的降低效应;裸地条件下,生物炭处理的地表反照率较对照处理在全部的观测中均有显著下降（P<0.05）;生物炭在输入初期可显著增加土壤CO₂释放量（P<0.05）,但其增幅随时间逐渐减小,其中BC4.5+较CK+的增幅从276.7%逐步降低至36.1%,BC4.5-较CK-的增幅从163.5%明显减弱至39.8%.生物炭处理较对照处理增加的CO₂释放量主要来自生物炭-土壤共存体系中的易分解碳组分,其土壤CO₂释放通量与土壤水溶性有机碳含量呈显著相关（P<0.05）;生物炭输入导致的地表反照率变化未对土壤呼吸产生直接的影响,而且生物炭输入可降低土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q10值,表明生物炭具有一定的化学和生物学稳定性.     

HITNP同步除磷脱氮新工艺

HITNP同步除磷脱氮新工艺采用复合式活性污泥生物膜系统,避免了硝化菌和聚磷菌的污泥龄矛盾.利用反硝化除磷的“一碳两用”缓解原水碳源不足的矛盾.通过独特的硝化液回流方式,使全部污泥经历了释磷和聚磷循环,厌氧池污泥浓度是缺氧池污泥浓度的1.5～2倍,对进水中的大分子有机物降解效果好,厌氧池COD的去除率高,强化系统的除磷能力.以低碳氮比的生活污水为处理对象,长期的运行结果表明,该工艺出水中的总磷、氨氮、总氮和COD的去除率分别为91.1% 、88.7%、58.1%和88.6%.出水水质平均值为磷0.27 　mg/L,氨氮1.74 　mg/L,总氮17.30 　mg/L和COD 24.38 　mg/L.HITNP同步除磷脱氮新工艺具有稳定的同步除磷脱氮效果,出水达到国家城市污水厂污染物排放标准GB18918-2002一级B标准要求.     

Seasonal exports of phosphorus from intensively fertilised nested grassland catchments

We carried out a one year (2002) study of phosphorus (P) loss from soil to water in three nested grassland catchments with known P input in chemical fertilizer and animal liquid slurry applications. Chemical fertilizer was applied to the grasslands between March and September and animal slurry was applied over the twelve months. The annual chemical P fertilizer applications for the 17 and 211 ha catchments were 16.4 and 23.7 kg P/ha respectively and the annual slurry applications were 10.7 and 14.0 kg P/ha, respectively. The annual total phosphorus (TP) export in stream-flow was 2.61, 2.48 and 1.61 kg P/ha for the 17, 211 and 1524 ha catchments, respectively, compared with a maximum permissible (by regulation) annual export of ca. 0.35 kg P/ha. The export rate (ratio of P export to P in land applications) was 9.6% and 6.6% from the 17 and 211 ha catchments, respectively. On average, 70% of stream flow and 85% of the P export occurred during the five wet months (October to February) indicating that when precipitation is much greater than evaporation, the hydrological conditions are most favourable for P export. However the soil quality and land use history may vary the results. Particulate P made up 22%, 43% and 37% of the TP export at the 17, 211 and 1524 ha catchment areas, respectively. As the chemical fertilizer was spread during the grass growth months (March to September), it has less immediate impact on stream water quality than the slurry applications. We also show that as the catchment scale increases, the P concentrations and P export decrease, confirming dilution due to increasing rural catchment size. In the longer term, the excess P from fertilizer maintains high soil P levels, an antecedent condition favourable to P loss from soil to water. This study confirms the significant negative water quality impact of excess P applications, particularly liquid animal slurry applications in wet winter months. The findings suggest that restricted P application in wet months can largely reduce the P losses from soil to water.     

间歇曝气氧化沟工艺处理城市污水实验

为了提高氧化沟工艺对城市污水的脱氮能力,对设置缺氧池和厌氧池的氧化沟工艺采用了鼓风曝气和水下搅拌的曝气方式和连续流间歇曝气的运行方式。研究结果表明:间歇鼓风曝气的运行方式能够提高氧化沟系统的脱氮率,可达43.29%~62.35%;同时提高了系统的脱磷效率,脱磷率达40.23%~76.67%;而曝气能耗比同等条件转刷曝气的能耗降低42.86%~57.14%。     

三峡库区新生消落区沉积物磷形态分析

通过分析三峡库区新生典型消落区上覆水及沉积物中磷的赋存形态,揭示消落区沉积物中磷的分布特征和释放规律. 结果表明,不同类型的新生消落区沉积物磷的分布特征与消落区类型、原有使用背景、临时性使用情况等因素有关. 消落区类型对消落区上覆水ρ(总磷)的影响较弱. 消落区沉积物w(活性磷)与淹没状态相关,由露出到淹没状态活性磷逐渐减少,沉积物中w(钙磷)和w(闭蓄态磷)相对较恒定. 受水陆交替非稳态环境因素的影响,水陆交替沉积物w(总磷)相对较低. 消落区沉积物与上覆水中磷的迁移、转化主要以活性磷的释放和沉积为主.      

A~3/O-MBR工艺反硝化除磷性能研究

为探究自行设计的A~3/O-MBR工艺脱氮除磷性能,以模拟生活污水为处理对象,重点研究了在内循环回流比(γ)为100%,硝化液回流比(α)分别为100%、200%、300%条件下系统反硝化除磷特性。结果表明:缺氧II区是工艺反硝化除磷的关键,系统具有优良的同步脱氮除磷效果,ρ(COD)出水均低于50 mg/L。当回流比为200%时,系统对TN、TP去除效果最好,平均去除率分别为75.46%和88.94%,出水平均ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)分别为14.97 mg/L和0.48 mg/L。通过静态释/吸磷试验测定不同硝化液回流比条件下反硝化聚磷菌占总聚磷菌的比例及污泥含磷量,当回流比为200%时,反硝化聚磷菌所占比例最高达95.47%,该回流比条件下缺氧II区污泥含磷量最高为23.07 mg/L,最大吸磷量为0.2136 g/d。     

Community structures and population dynamics of “Candidatus Accumulibacter” in activated sludges of wastewater treatment plants using ppk1 as phylogenetic marker

Candidatus Accumulibacter has been identified as dominant polyphosphate-accumulating organisms(PAOs) in enhanced biological phosphorus(P) removal(EBPR) from wastewater.This study revealed the relevance of community structure, abundance and seasonal population dynamics of Candidatus Accumulibacter to process operation of wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) in China using ppk1 gene as phylogenetic marker. All sludge samples had properties of denitrifying P removal using nitrate as an electron acceptor.Accumulibacter abundance in the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic(A~2O) process was the highest(26%of total bacteria), and higher in winter than in summer with a better EBPR performance.Type-II was the dominant Accumulibacter in all processes, and type-I accounted for a small proportion of total Accumulibacter. The abundance of Clade-IIC as the most dominant clade reached 2.59 × 10~9 cells/g MLSS and accounted for 87.3% of total Accumulibacter. Clade IIC mainly contributed to denitrifying P removal. Clades IIA, IIC and IID were found in all processes, while clade-IIF was only found in oxidation ditch process through phylogenetic analysis. High proportion of clade IID to total Accumulibacter led to poor performance of aerobic P-uptake in inverted A~2O process. Therefore, Accumulibacter clades in WWTPs were diverse, and EBPR performance was closely related to the clade-level community structures and abundances of Accumulibacter.     

链状亚历山大藻(东海株)对磷营养物质的需求与吸收策略

针对长江口临近海域富营养化特征,设计实验研究了链状亚历山大藻(东海株ACDH)生长的最适N/P、对PO4-P的吸收能力,以及对有机磷营养物质的利用能力,分析了ACDH藻株对P营养物质的需求和吸收策略.结果表明,ACDH藻株生长的最适N/P在9～11,其生长需要相对较多的P.ACDH藻株对PO4-P的最大吸收速率(Vm)和半饱和常数(Ks)分别为0.23 pmol/cell·h和0.92 μmol/L,能够吸收较低浓度的PO4-P,但与该海域典型赤潮藻种中肋骨条藻相比,对低浓度PO4-P的竞争不占优势.ACDH藻株在PO4-P限制下具有强烈的碱性磷酸酶表达,有可能通过碱性磷酸酶利用有机磷营养物质,这在其赤潮的形成中应具有重要作用.