Measuring biomass specific ammonium, nitrite and phosphate uptake rates in aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology offers the possibility to remove organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in a single reactor system. The granular structure is stratified in such a way that both aerobic and anaerobic/anoxic layers are present. Since most of the biological processes in AGS systems occur simultaneously, the measurement and estimation of the capacity of specific conversions is complicated compared to suspended biomass. The determination of the activities of different functional groups in aerobic granular sludge allows for identification of the potential metabolic capacity of the sludge and aids to analyze bioreactor performance. It allows for comparison of different sludges and enables improved understanding of the interaction and competition between different metabolic groups of microorganisms. The most appropriate experimental conditions and methods to determine specific ammonium, nitrite and phosphate uptake rates under normal operation of AGS reactors were evaluated and described in this study. Extra biomass characterization experiments determining the maximum uptake rate of these compounds on optimized conditions were performed as well to see how much spare capacity was available. The methodologies proposed may serve as an experimental frame of reference for investigating the metabolic capacities of microbial functional groups in biofilm processes.     

亚硝酸对聚磷菌好氧吸磷抑制作用研究

为确定亚硝酸对聚磷菌好氧吸磷的抑制作用,利用批量实验研究了在不同pH下不同浓度的亚硝态氮对聚磷菌好氧吸磷过程的影响.实验结果表明,亚硝酸对聚磷菌好氧吸磷具有更直接的影响;亚硝酸质量浓度达到0.001 00 mg/L时,聚磷菌好氧吸磷即会受到50％的抑制.聚磷菌受到较低浓度的亚硝酸抑制时,其在无亚硝酸存在的环境中好氧吸磷能力基本能恢复.     

改良型A2／O-MBR工艺的反硝化除磷性能研究

重点考察了-种改良型膜生物反应器（A2／O—MBR）的脱氮除磷性能。该工艺主要特点在于对膜池硝化回流液进行了固液分离,并将上清液和浓缩污泥分别回流至缺氧池和厌氧池,这种改进提高了系统对氮、磷的同步去除效率。实验结果表明,在水力停留时间（HRT）为12h,污泥龄（SRT）为30d,混合液回流比为200％的运行条件下,进水COD、NH4＋-N、TN和TP平均浓度分别为（225±38）、（24．8±3．9）、（26．7±2．9）和（2．90±0．53）mg／L时,增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置前后,系统对COD和NH4＋-N的去除都维持在较高水平,而系统对TN和TP的去除效果显著提高,出水TN和TP平均浓度分别由（14．9±3．3）mg／L和（1．95±0．72）mg／L下降到（9．4±1．9）mg／L和（0．91±0．38）mg／L,表明增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置显著改善了A2／O-MBR系统的脱氮除磷效果。反硝化除磷活性实验结果进一步表明,改进后系统中反硝化除磷活性占总除磷活性的比例由51．5％上升至61．7％,说明增加膜池硝化回流液固液分离装置强化了系统的反硝化除磷性能。     

The selective role of nitrite in the PAO/GAO competition

Proliferation of Glycogen Accumulating Organisms (GAOs) accounts as one of the major bottlenecks in biological phosphorus removal systems. GAO outcompeting polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) results in lower P-removal. Thus, finding optimal conditions that favour PAO in front of GAO is a current focus of research. This work shows how nitrite can provide a novel strategy for PAO enrichment. A propionate-fed GAO-enriched biomass (70% Defluviicoccus I, 18% Defluviicoccus II and 10% PAO) was subjected more than 50 d under anaerobic-anoxic conditions with nitrite as electron acceptor. These operational conditions led to a PAO-enriched sludge (85%) where GAO were washed out of the system (<10%), demonstrating the validity of the new approach for PAO enrichment. In addition, the presented suppression of Defluviicocus GAO with nitrite represents an add-on benefit to the nitrite-based systems since the proliferation of non-desirable GAO can be easily ruled out and added to the other benefits (i.e. lower aeration and COD requirements).     

基于水生生物的湖泊营养类型评价

对乌梁素海的水生生物进行了评价分析。结果表明:乌梁素海浮游动物共有4大类62种,平均生物量为3.75 mg/L,底栖动物11种,隶属3门3纲4科。底栖动物平均生物量为71.7 g/m2,属于富营养类型。     

洪泽湖硝基苯类化合物的污染特征

对洪泽湖水质、底泥及水生生物样品10种硝基苯类化合物的浓度进行了测定,水样中总硝基苯类化合物的含量在0.179~5.17μg/L,北部湖区和南部湖区的总硝基苯类化合物的浓度较高,其中成河北(S7)的浓度最高。底泥中的含量在0.137~4.50μg/kg,北部湖区及出湖口附近形成一个硝基苯类化合物的污染带,其中成河东(S6)的浓度最高。水生生物体内的总硝基苯含量按鲫鱼、白鱼、泥鳅、龙虾、河蚌、螺蛳依次升高。     

水生生物对碳基纳米材料的物种敏感性分布研究

碳基纳米材料(CNMs)是科学研究中最热门的材料之一,然而CNMs对生态物种具有潜在的毒害作用.为了评估CNMs对生态物种的生态风险,通过广泛查阅,整理与分析了5种CNMs对22种单一水生物种的急性毒性数据,基于均值效应浓度值(EC₅₀)构建物种敏感性分布(SSD)模型,并计算得到5%危害浓度(Hazardous Concentration for 5%of species,HC₅)和潜在影响比例(Potential Affected Fractions,PAF).研究结果发现：富勒烯(C₆₀)、石墨烯纳米片(GN)、氧化石墨烯(GO)、单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)、多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)的HC₅值分别为1.88、0.37、0.13、1.31、0.74 mg·L^-1,表明二维石墨烯家族材料比零维C₆₀和一维碳纳米管对水生生物表现出更高的生态风险.与5种金属基纳米颗粒物(MNPs)相比,CNMs对水生生物的生态风险低于MNPs.通过对不同暴露浓度下CN...     

胶州湾沿岸带开发对生物资源的影响

根据所２０ａ来胶州湾海域生态综合调查资料，对湾内沿岸带开发利用而导致的生物资源下降等现象，作了分析研究。同时，为维护湾内良好的生态环境，使生物资源可持续利用，提出了对策。     

Effect of Long Retention Time in the Settler on Phosphorus Removal from Communal Wastewater (4 pp)

- Goals. The objective of the paper is to illustrate the solution of a chronic problem occurring in a wastewater treatment facility with a capacity of 12,000 inhabitant equivalent. A drastic phosphorus concentration increase (two or three times higher than the Hungarian limit of 1 mg/l) was observed in the wastewater treatment facility for a long time (12–24 h) with changing time periods indicating malfunctioning in the operation of the facility. Methods Computer-aided simulation technique was used to develop a solution for the treatment of the problem using a software developed by the Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, University of Veszprém, Hungary. Results and Discussion The simulation studies show that if the nightly inflow is less than 200 m3/h at least for two hours, the system doesn't then receive enough fresh nutrients which can cause a deficiency in the nutrient uptake of the PAOs in the anaerobic zones. This can result in the fact that the PAOs accumulate less phosphorus into the aerobic zones. Conclusion Long retention time (10 h) is the reason for the problem, namely – under special conditions – the phosphorus in the sludge of the settling tank of the wastewater treatment plant. The problem was caused by phosphorus dissolution from the sludge of the settling tank during the undesirably long retention time.     

A new approach for biological online testing of stack gas condensate from municipal waste incinerators

A biological testing system for the monitoring of stack gas condensates of municipal waste incinerators has been developed using Euglena gracilis as a test organism. The motility, velocity and cellular form of the organisms were the endpoints, calculated by an image analysis system. All endpoints showed statistically significant changes in a short time when organisms were exposed to samples collected during combustion situations with increased pollutant concentrations. The velocity of the organisms proved to be the most appropriate endpoint. A semi-continuous system with E. gracilis for monitoring stack gas condensate is proposed, which could result in an online system for testing stack gas condensates in the future.