Farmyards, an overlooked source for highly contaminated runoff

Summer sampling of storm runoff generated from areas of roofs and hardstanding situated on four dairy/beef farms has provided novel information regarding its microbiological and chemical quality. All farm hardstandings generated runoff that was contaminated with respect to those pollutants (faecal coliforms, FC, and faecal streptococci, FS, major nutrients, organic carbon) that are ubiquitously associated with faecal matter and urine. The separate analysis of roof runoff indicated that these can contribute significant concentrations of FS, phosphorus (P) and potentially toxic elements such as zinc (Zn), and suggests a level of 'background' contamination originating from wash-off of bird droppings and in the case of Zn galvanised surfaces. On average hardstanding runoff showed enhanced concentrations of >4 orders of magnitude for FC and 2-3 for major nutrients and carbon relative to roof runoff. Organic forms of nitrogen (N) and P contributed significantly (averaging >40%) to the total dissolved fraction in both roof and hardstanding runoff. Part of the substantial variability in composition of runoff samples could be attributed to differences between farms as well as the timing of sample collection during individual storms. Where situations allowed, a comparison of water upstream and downstream of the farmyard demonstrated they acted as a source of multiple contaminants not only during hydrologically active storm events but also during dry periods. Contamination pathways included a combination of both point (e.g., septic overflows) and non-point (e.g., seepage from livestock housing) sources. Farmyards situated within intensive livestock farming areas such as SW Scotland, would be expected to have significant local and accumulated downstream impacts on the aquatic environment. Localised impacts would be particularly important for headwaters and low order streams.     

丙酸/乙酸比例对生物除磷系统的影响研究

在5个SBR反应器(1#～5#)中,用乙酸、丙酸/乙酸(以C计)比例为0.5、2、10和丙酸的合成废水,通过厌氧/好氧工艺驯化活性污泥使之富集聚磷菌,研究了丙酸/乙酸比例对强化生物除磷系统(EBPR)中COD降解、溶解性正磷酸盐(SOP)的释放、吸收及其去除率的影响。结果表明,PAO对COD的降解符合一级动力学过程,PAO对丙酸的利用速率较乙酸快,因此,增加丙酸/乙酸比例有助于EBPR系统的稳定性。随丙酸/乙酸比例增加,SOP的释放与吸收量减少,SOP的代谢速率降低,但SOP的去除率依次为88.2%,89.8%,92.2%,94.2%和95.2%,去除率增加了7%,因此增加丙酸/乙酸比例有助于提高EBPR系统除磷效率。     

污水起始pH值对序批式反应器(SBR)中增强生物除磷过程的影响研究

通过序批式反应器（SBR）的连续运行,研究了污水不同起始pH值对增强生物除磷的影响（SBR1：pH=6.8;SBR2：pH=7.6）.结果表明,在厌氧阶段,SBR2释磷量高于SBR1;在好氧阶段,SBR2降解的聚羟基烷酸（PHA）量低于SBR1,并且糖原合成量/PHA降解量的比例要远远低于SBR1.但是,SBR2反而比SBR1吸收更多的磷.进一步的研究表明,由于SBR2比SBR1合成的糖原少,因此其低PHA降解量并没有导致低吸磷量.推测SBR2中的聚磷菌（PAO）量高于SBR1,从而导致SBR2有着更高的吸磷量以及PHA利用率.在好氧末,SBR2中的可溶解性正磷酸盐（SOP）浓度远远低于SBR1,SBR2的除磷效果达到93.67%,但SBR1仅为65.06%.因此,通过控制污水起始pH值的方法可以达到显著提高增强生物除磷效果的目的,比控制整个污水生物处理过程pH的方法要方便.     

进水C/N对SNEDPR系统脱氮除磷的影响

为了解同步硝化内源反硝化系统(SNEDPR)脱氮除磷性能,采用延时厌氧(180 min)/低氧(溶解氧0. 5～2. 0 mg·L~(-1))运行的SBR反应器,以人工配置的模拟废水为处理对象,先采用恒定进水C/N(为10),以实现SNEDPR的启动和聚磷菌(PAOs)的富集培养,再调控进水C/N值(分别为10、7. 5、5和2. 5),考察不同C/N对系统的脱氮除磷性能的影响.结果表明,当进水C/N为10,可实现SNEDPR的启动与深度脱氮除磷,出水PO3-4-P和总氮(TN)浓度分别平均为0. 1 mg·L~(-1)和8. 1mg·L~(-1),PO3-4-P去除率、TN去除率和SNED率平均值分别为99. 79%、89. 38%和58. 0%.当进水C/N由5提高至10时,系统维持良好的脱氮除磷性能,释磷量(PRA)和SNED率分别由16. 0 mg·L~(-1)和48. 0%提高至24. 4 mg·L~(-1)和69. 2%;当C/N为10时,TN和PO3-4-P去除率最高达94. 5%和100%;当C/N为2. 5时,系统失去脱氮、除磷性能,PRA和SNED率仅为1. 36 mg·L~(-1)和10%.在系统稳定运行阶段(C/N为10、7. 5和5),SNED率达85. 9%,出水NH_4~+-N、NO-x-N和PO3-4-P浓度平均为0、8. 1和0. 1 mg·L~(-1).     

碳源和硝态氮浓度对反硝化聚磷的影响及ORP的变化规律

利用间歇试验研究了反硝化除磷过程中有机碳源和硝态氮浓度对厌氧放磷和缺氧吸磷的影响,同时对反硝化除磷过程ORP的变化规律及以其作为控制参数的可行性作了探讨.试验结果表明:厌氧段碳源COD浓度越高(100～300mg/L),放磷越充分,则缺氧段反硝化和吸磷速率越大;但当碳源COD浓度高达300mg/L时,未反应完全的有机物残留于后续缺氧段对缺氧吸磷产生抑制作用.随着缺氧段硝态氮浓度升高(5、15、40 mg/L),反应初期反硝化和吸磷速率也随之升高;当硝态氮耗尽后,系统由缺氧吸磷转变为内源放磷,且随着初始硝态氮浓度的增高,这个转折点的出现时间向后延迟.ORP可作为厌氧放磷的控制参数,在缺氧吸磷过程可预示反硝化的反应程度,但是无法作为吸磷过程的控制参数.     

重金属对淡水生物生态风险的物种敏感性分布评估

应用生态风险评价中的物种敏感性分布(SSD)方法构建了6种常见重金属元素(Cd,Cu,Hg,Pb,Zn和Mn)对淡水生物的SSD曲线.在此基础上,计算了6种重金属对不同生物的5%危害浓度(HC5)及其不同暴露浓度对生物的潜在影响比例(PAF),比较了脊椎动物和无脊椎动物(包括鱼类,甲壳类等)对6种重金属的敏感性以及不同重金属的急性生态风险(简称生态风险),并且评价了3个典型水体中常见重金属的联合生态风险.结果表明,6种重金属元素的HC5值的大小顺序为Cu相似文献   

后置短程反硝化AOA-SBR工艺实现低C/N城市污水的脱氮除磷

为了解厌氧/好氧/缺氧(A/O/A)运行的序批式反应器(SBR)中,强化生物除磷(EBPR)与同步短程硝化反硝化(SPND)耦合,并后置短程反硝化的脱氮除磷特性,以低C/N(≤4)城市污水为处理对象,通过优化曝气量和缺氧时间,实现了低C/N城市污水的深度脱氮除磷.结果表明,当好氧段曝气量由1.0 L·min-1降至0.6 L·min-1,缺氧时间为180 min时,出水PO3-4-P浓度由0.06 mg·L~(-1)降至0,出水NH+4-N、NO-2-N和NO-3-N浓度分别由0.18、18.79和0.08 mg·L~(-1)逐渐降低至0、16.46和0.05 mg·L~(-1),TN去除率由72.69%提高至77.97%;随着曝气量的降低,SPND现象愈加明显,SND率由19.18%提高至31.20%;此后,当缺氧段时间由180 min逐渐延长至420 min,出水PO3-4-P、NH+4-N和NO-3-N浓度分别维持在0、0和0.03 mg·L~(-1)左右,出水NO-2-N低至3.06 mg·L~(-1),SND率达32.21%,TN去除性能逐渐提高,TN去除率高达99.42%,实现了系统的深度脱氮除磷.     

不同厌氧时间对富集聚磷菌的SNDPR系统处理性能的影响

在延时厌氧(3h)/低氧(2.5h,溶解氧0.5~1.0mg/L)条件下运行的富集聚磷菌的同步硝化反硝化(SNDPR)系统中,以城市生活污水为处理对象,研究了不同厌氧时间(3.5,3,2,1.5h)对系统内碳源贮存以及脱氮除磷效果的影响.试验结果表明:厌氧时间为3.5h,反应器脱氮效果最好.厌氧时间为3h时,反应器除磷效果最好,出水PO₄^3-浓度为0.35mg/L.厌氧时间从1.5h逐渐上升到3.5h时,厌氧末贮存的聚羟基脂肪酸-PHAs的量也随之增加;当厌氧时间从3h升至3.5h时,释P量反而下降,出水P浓度反而升高.这说明增加厌氧时间有利于强化内碳源贮存,但过长的厌氧时间反而不利聚磷菌种群的富集.运行51个周期之后在厌氧时间为1.5h和2h的反应器内出现非丝状菌膨胀;反应周期内pH值的变化曲线可以作为反应各个过程的指示参数.     

Arsenic levels in the marine ecosystem off the Kuwait coast, Arabian Gulf

Arsenic levels in seawater, microplankton (diatoms and dinoflagellates), shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus), mollusc (Cerithium scabridum) and five types of fish (Maid, Nakroor, Nuwaiby, Suboor and Sheim) in five sampling stations (I–V) off the Kuwait coast were determined during the years 1995 to 1999. The maximum mean concentration of arsenic was observed in the order; the five fish (0.50–0.78 g g^–1)> mollusc (0.26 g g^–1)> shrimp (0.23 g g^–1)> particulate matter (0.03 g g^–1)> water and phytoplankton (0.02 g g^–1) from all the sites of the Kuwait coast. Station II possessed the maximum arsenic levels. In comparison with the arsenic levels in other parts of the globe, low arsenic levels were observed in most of the marine organisms off the Kuwait Coast. However, an increasing trend in arsenic concentrations was anticipated due to rapid local industrialization and on account of recent spills of arsenic compounds.     

硝酸盐作为生物除磷电子受体的研究

研究了以硝酸盐作为电子受体进行生物除磷的可能性,并比较了硝酸盐和氧作为电子受体的差异.结果表明:聚磷菌能以硝酸盐作为电子受体替代氧进行生物除磷,但若存在有机碳源会抑制缺氧段磷的吸收.缺氧条件下磷的摄取速率与硝酸盐的质量浓度有关,浓度越高速度越快.硝酸盐的连续稳定加入有利于磷的去除.与以氧为电子受体的系统相比硝酸盐系统利用PHA的效率低,缺氧系统中去除磷和消耗PHA的比例为0.63,比好氧系统中的0.83低24%;缺氧时每摩尔电子转移所吸收的磷为0.14 mol,比氧为电子受体时的0.23 mol低39.1%.