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161.
The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effects of complex matrix effects caused by chemical materials on the analysis of key soluble microbial products (SMP) including proteins, humics, carbohydrates, and polysaccharides in activated sludge samples. Emphasis was placed on comparison of the commonly used standard curve technique with standard addition (SA), a technique that differs in that the analytical responses are measured for sample solutions spiked with known quantities of analytes. The results showed that using SA provided a great improvement in compensating for SMP recovery and thus improving measurement accuracy by correcting for matrix effects. Analyte recovery was found to be highly dependent on sample dilution, and changed due to extraction techniques, storage conditions and sample composition. Storage of sample extracts by freezing changed SMP concentrations dramatically, as did storage at 4 °C for as little as 1 d. 相似文献
162.
The Costs of Meeting the Environmental Objectives for the Baltic Sea: A Review of the Literature 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Katarina Elofsson 《Ambio》2010,39(1):49-58
The environmental targets of the recently agreed Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) targets are likely associated with a considerable
cost, which motivates a search for low-cost policies. The following review shows there is a substantial literature on cost-efficient
nutrient reduction strategies, including suggestions regarding low-cost abatement, but actual policies at international and
national scale tend to be considerably more expensive due to lack of instruments that ensure a cost-efficient allocation of
abatement across countries and sectors. Economic research on the costs of reducing hazardous substances and oil spill damages
in the Baltic Sea is not available, but lessons from the international literature suggest that resources could be used more
efficiently if appropriate analysis is undertaken. Common to these pollution problems is the need to ensure that all countries
in the region are provided with positive incentives to implement international agreements. 相似文献
163.
Kase R Hansen PD Fischer B Manz W Heininger P Reifferscheid G 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(1):75-83
GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Exogenic endocrine-active substances are also called 'Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals' (EDC). They imitate or hinder the function of natural endogenic hormones or disturb the synthesis or the metabolism of hormones or of hormone receptors. The Enzyme-Linked Receptor Assay (ELRA) can detect estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects at the level of receptor binding and is a useful tool for the integrative detection of contaminant effects. Although the test system has been used repeatedly in sediment assessments, the questions have remained concerning how it responds to variations in the physico-chemical matrix. For some bioassays, the salinity of the sample is a critical factor. This is especially relevant when testing wastewater samples or when sediment-associated samples in the tidal reaches of rivers are tested. Sediments in the tidal reaches of rivers change their salinity several times a day. Against this background, it would be beneficial to have a test procedure of known salinity tolerance. On account of this, the salinity tolerance of the ELRA was tested, assessed with reference substances at several salinity levels, and compared with the E-Screen method and a Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES), which are also frequently applied in environmental testing. The aim of this paper was to explore when the salinity limits within these test procedures are applicable. The trials should reveal the working range to be expected, characterize the salinity-dependent variations in sensitivity of the test, and provide options for methodological adjustments to improve the stability against increased salinity. METHODS: The ELRA was carried out with the human Estrogen Receptor alpha. (ER) using the same principle like a competitive immunoassay based on ligand-protein interaction. However, an essential difference is the use of a physiologically relevant receptor instead of an antibody as a linking protein. The ELRA measures the competition of sample estrogens and anti-estrogens against estradiol supplied as a BSA-coating conjugate for the binding site of dissolved ER. Estradiol or xeno-estrogen binding is quantified by a biotynilated anti-ER antibody and the subsequent measurement of peroxidase activity by a streptavidin-POD-biotin complex. The E-Screen was performed with the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, which expresses the estrogen receptor constitutively. Cell proliferation depends on binding of estrogens or xeno-estrogens with the receptor. After incubation, estrogen-dependent cell growth was measured by sulforhodamin B staining. The YES was performed with a recombinant yeast strain, transfected with a receptor and a reporter plasmid bearing the estrogen receptor and a vitellogenin gene fused with the reporter gene lacZ. Estrogen or xeno-estrogen-dependent gene induction was measured indirectly by LacZ activity. The salinity levels were simulated in varying concentrations with NaCl from 0 to 40 per thousand or Artificial Sea Water (ASW) from 0 to 32 per thousand. RESULTS: The study characterized the factor 'salinity' for the prospective application fields of the ELRA. With reference substances such as 17-beta-estradiol, the ELRA showed classical sigmoidal concentration-effect relations in a range from 0.05 to 100 microg/l under physiological conditions. After a methodological adjustment to compensate decreasing receptor-binding affinity of estrogens and xeno-estrogens at higher salinity levels, the ELRA became applicable under salinity conditions up to concentrations of 20.5 per thousand. In tests, the ELRA reached under the influence of salinity a mean limit of detection of 0.062 microg/l 17-beta-estradiol. The mean relative inter-test error was around 11%. Above concentrations of 20.5 per thousand there is a risk of false negative assessment. Compared with the E-Screen method using the MCF7 cell line and the yeast estrogen test system (YES), the ELRA shows a lower sensitivity to 17-beta-estradiol. In the E-Screen, the cell proliferation was strongly reduced by sodium chloride induced cytotoxicity. In comparison with the E-Screen, the salinity tolerance of the YES and YAS methods is significantly higher. DISCUSSION: Despite adaption, total salinity tolerance could not be achieved with the ELRA. Freshwater samples were generally appraisable. Higher salinity levels above 20.5 per thousand would tend towards false negative results. The low inter-test error of 11% makes the ELRA suitable for the detection of estrogenic and anti-estrogenic potentials of single substances, substance mixtures, and of environmental samples. CONCLUSIONS: The ELRA is very fast and reproducible, it can be used for high-throughput screening in a microplate format at low cost, it is robust to microbial contamination, and is less susceptible to cytotoxic interferences than cell culture methods. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: In their established form, the YES and the E-Screen methods are not applicable for liquid phase testing at higher salinity conditions. The salinity-adapted test version of the ELRA described here shows a broader working range for samples. Native water samples of more or less brackish origin or high-salinity effluent samples are testable. Results of tests with sediment associated samples of different salinity will be subject of a forthcoming publication. 相似文献
164.
Relationship between chromium(VI) resistance and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) concentration by some cyanobacterial isolates 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Chromium(VI) resistance and its association with extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) concentration in cyanobacteria was investigated. Increased EPS concentration was associated with Cr(VI) resistance. The most resistant isolate, Chroococcus sp. H(4), secreted the most EPS (427 mg/L). MATERIALS AND METHODS: EPS concentration of the two most resistant isolates (Chroococcus sp. H(4) and Synechocystis sp. S(63)) was investigated following exposure to 15 and 35 ppm Cr(VI). The composition of EPS produced by Chroococcus sp. H(4) following exposure to 10 ppm Cr(VI) was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Control EPS was composed of glucose (99%) and galactronic acid (1%); in the presence of 10 ppm Cr(VI), EPS composition changed to glucose (9%), xylose (75%), rhamnose (14%), and galacturonic acid (2%). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Results indicated that (1) exposure to elevated concentrations of Cr(VI) affected the composition of EPS produced by Chroococcus sp. H(4), and (2) there was a correlation between Cr(VI) resistance and EPS concentration in some cyanobacteria. 相似文献
165.
166.
为揭示城市水环境中前驱体对全氟烷基酸(PFAAs)输入特征、分布格局及健康风险的影响,对南京城市污水处理厂出水、河流、湖泊、长江饮用水源地等水体进行了考察.利用HPLC-MS/MS及总可氧化前驱体法(TOP Assay)分析了17种PFAAs与其总可氧化前驱体的污染特征,并通过推演耐受剂量评估了饮水途径的健康风险商(HQ).结果表明,污水处理厂出水中PFAAs浓度90.6~278ng/L,主要单体PFBS、PFHxA、PFOA占总浓度的63%;总可氧化前驱体浓度239~839pmol/L,PFBA前驱体含量最高.城市地表水中PFAAs浓度61.8~157ng/L,总可氧化前驱体浓度195~572pmol/L,PFBA、PFPe A、PFHxA3种全氟羧酸的前驱体含量最高,城市河流流经人口密集区后,PFAAs赋存浓度有所上升,但总可氧化前驱体浓度下降.饮用水源地中PFAAs浓度50.9~54.6ng/L,总可氧化前驱体浓度273~372pmol/L,以PFBA、PFPe A和PFHx A3种全氟羧酸的前驱体为主.相对高风险来源于PFOS的免疫毒性(HQ=0.024)以及PFOA的发育毒性... 相似文献
167.
采用干介质为催化剂,微波辐射加热合成蒽醌反应速度快,产率高,污染小,是一种很有研究与应用价值的清洁生产方法。笔者通过正交试验观测了微波辐照条件下合成蒽醌的最佳反应条件,着重研究了邻苯甲酰苯甲酸环化脱水缩合生成蒽醌的产率与微波功率、微波辐照时间、邻苯甲酰苯甲酸与催化剂配比、热浴物质混合配比间的关系。 相似文献
168.
Elena A. Zakharova Paul V. Kosterin Vitaly V. Brudnik Alexander A. Shcherbakov Alexander A. Ponomaryov Lubov F. Shcherbakova Vladimir G. Mandich Eugenii E. Fedorov Vladimir V. Ignatov 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2000,7(4):191-194
A plant-based bioremediation (phytoremediation) strategy has been developed and shown to be effective for the clean-up of
soil contaminated by the breakdown products of the chemical warfare agent (CWA), yperite. The method involves exploiting the
plant growth hormone, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), to intensify the phytoremediation. For determination of the yperite breakdown
products, gas chromatography is used.
Soil and plant samples were analysed with a gas chromatograph fitted with an atomic emission detector. The method of standard-free
determination was employed to identify sulphur-containing substances (SCSs). A series of soil tests was conducted, which showed
that the level of SCSs decreased 4, 8, and more than 20-fold compared with that found in contaminated soil. This decrease
was dependent upon the IAA concentrations used for plant treatment. The treated plants accumulated 2.7 to 2.9-fold larger
amounts of the SCSs than did the untreated plants. Owing to its simplicity, environmental safety and inexpensiveness, the
method can be recommended for the restoration of soil fertility in areas of storage and destruction of blister CWAs. 相似文献
169.
Interaction of humic substances and hematite: FTIR study 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
IntroductionInteractionsofhumicsubstances(HSs)andironoxidesareofgreatsignificanceinmanygeochemicalprocesses.ItisclearthatadsorptionofHSstothesurfaceofironoxidescangreatlyinfluencethepropertiesofsuchsurfaces,thuspotentialaffectthefate,behavior,transportandtransformationofenvironmentalpollutants(Mcknight,1992).Ononehand,whenadsorbedtosurfacesofironoxides,HSsmaybindandhenceimmobilizetracemetals,radionucilides,andnonionicorganicpollutants,andtheyalsoalteroxidesurfacechargepropertiesandflocculat… 相似文献
170.
苯酚-硫酸法测定好氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物中多糖浓度的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以葡萄糖为对照,优选苯酚-硫酸法测定胞外聚合物中多糖含量的显色条件,对此法精密度进行研究。结果表明,此测定方法显色稳定,重复性好,但回收率欠佳,测得的多糖含量要大于实际值。 相似文献