稻瘟酰胺在水/沉积物中的降解及生物富集性研究

稻瘟酰胺是一种新型内吸型杀菌剂,其在水体环境中的归趋备受关注。采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了稻瘟酰胺在水-沉积物中的降解特性和在斑马鱼中的生物富集性。结果表明,在水-沉积物降解中,好氧条件下河流与湖泊水-沉积物系统中农药总量的降解半衰期分别为169.1、60.3 d,厌氧条件下的降解半衰期分别为173.3、126.0 d,湖泊体系的降解速率快于河流体系。稻瘟酰胺在水-沉积物体系中主要存在于沉积物中,系统降解速率主要受沉积物中的降解速率影响。稻瘟酰胺在斑马鱼中的生物富集系数BCF_(8d)达64.8~189.1,具有中等富集性。稻瘟酰胺在水体环境中具有较强稳定性,且具有一定的生物富集性,可能会对水体和水体生物造成一定的污染影响。     

Microbial community structure and dynamics of starch-fed and glucose-fed chemostats during two years of continuous operation

The microbial community structures of two mesophilic anaerobic chemostats, one fed with glucose, the other with starch as sole carbon sources, were studied at various dilution rates (0.05–0.25 d^–1 for glucose and 0.025–0.1 d^–1 for starch) during two years continuous operation. In the glucose-fed chemostat, the aceticlastic methanogen Methanosaeta spp. and hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanoculleus spp. predominated at low dilution rates, whereas Methanosaeta spp. and the hydrogenotrophic Methanobacterium spp. predominated together when dilution rates were greater than 0.1 d^–1. Bacteria affiliated with the phyla Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, and Actinobacteria predominated at dilution rates of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 d^–1, respectively, while Firmicutes predominated at higher dilution rates (0.2 and 0.25 d^–1). In the starch-fed chemostat, the aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens coexisted at all dilution rates. Although bacteria belonging to only two phyla were mainly responsible for starch degradation (Spirochaetes at the dilution rate of 0.08 d^–1 and Firmicutes at other dilution rates), different bacterial genera were identified at different dilution rates. With the exception of Archaea in the glucose-fed chemostat, the band patterns revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the microbial communities in the two chemostats displayed marked changes during long-term operation at a constant dilution rate. The bacterial community changed with changes in the dilution rate, and was erratic during longterm operation in both glucose-fed and starch-fed chemostats.     

Removal of toluene from air streams by cobalt-copper bimetallic catalysts supported on sepiolite

Abstract

Oxidative removal of toluene using copper and cobalt bimetallic catalysts with varying molar ratios supported on sepiolite was investigated. The catalysts prepared by a deposition precipitation method and were characterized using X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, field emission scanning electron microscopy, H₂-temperature-programmed reduction, transmission electron microscope, and inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The species supported on sepiolite are Co₃O₄, CuO, and CuCo₂O₄. The activities of the tested catalysts increased in the order 0Co-4Cu/Sep <1Co-3Cu/Sep <4Co-0Cu/Sep <1Co-1Cu/Sep <3Co-1Cu/Sep. The latter exhibiting 90% toluene oxidative degradation at 288?°C within 15?h, having high selectivity towards CO₂, and being stable at 300?°C up to 15?h. In conclusion, this study showed that sepiolite has excellent properties as a support.     

自然水体介质中白腐菌对二英类物质的降解

研究了自然水体介质中白腐菌射脉侧菌(Phlebia radiata)I-5-6对二英类物质2,7-二氯二苯并英(2,7-diCDD)和八氯二苯并呋喃(OCDF)的降解规律.结果显示,在自然河水为介质的培养环境中,2,7-diCDD随着江水加入量的递增,降解率逐步下降,但这种影响随着培养时间的延长而逐步减弱.白腐菌处理OCDF底物的效果并不理想,经过12d处理后,降解率最高只达到36.00%,这很可能是由于OCDF已经高度氧化,再要对它进行氧化降解比较困难.     

辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚好氧生物降解产物的GC-MS测定

从上海闵行区污水处理厂曝气池中的污泥和上海孙桥农业园区农田表层土壤样品中分离得到两株好氧降解菌株：B16-2（曝气池）和N1（农田）,都能够不同程度地降解辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚（OPEOn）.利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对其好氧生物降解产物进行了表征和鉴别.结果表明,两株菌对OPEOn的好氧生物降解都产生了环境雌激素活性物质--辛基酚,从曝气池中分离出的B16-2好氧降解产生了丁基酚聚氧乙烯醚,从仙人掌土壤分离出的N1菌株降解以羟基端EO链的逐渐断裂为主要途径.     

有机磷农药生物降解研究进展

有机磷农药是目前我国使用量最大的农药 ,对农业的发展有重要的作用 ,但同时造成了严重的环境污染 .利用微生物或微生物源酶制剂来降解农药是近年来的一个主要努力方向 .至今 ,已经陆续分离到许多有机磷降解菌 ,并对其相应的降解酶的生化性质进行了鉴定 ,相关的基因也被克隆、鉴定和改造 .另外 ,基因工程及生物技术方面的进展为开发微生物或酶制品奠定了基础 .本文综述了有机磷农药降解菌、降解酶以及有机磷农药生物降解技术等方面的研究现状 .表 1参 6 1     

重金属离子对酵母降解苯酚的影响

研究了铜、镉、锌和铅对酵母 (Pityrosporumsp .)降解苯酚的影响 .急性毒性试验表明 :Cu2 36h时对菌体生物量的毒性抑制微低于对苯酚降解的抑制 ;48h时对菌体生物量的毒性高于对苯酚降解的毒性 .受试时间段 ,Cd2 对菌体生物量的毒性均高于其对苯酚降解的毒性 .在 0— 36h内 ,Cu2 对菌体比增长速率的EC50 是 45 0nmol·l- 1 ,对苯酚降解速率的EC50 是 0 32nmol·l- 1 ;Cd2 相应的EC50 分别是 681nmol·l- 1 和 33 3nmol·l- 1 .Cu2 比Cd2 具有更高的毒性 .而锌和铅在低浓度时 ,对酵母降解苯酚过程中菌体生物量以及苯酚的降解均有促进作用 ,其促进作用随着金属离子浓度的增加而减弱 .     

不同比例湿解产物在土壤中的物质变化及腐熟度

将经湿解工艺处理后的园林废物与土壤按1：3、1：5和1：10（湿质量）3种比例均匀混合作为实验物料，同时以自然土壤作为参照，研究了在田间条件下，不同浓度的湿解产物在土壤中的物质变化以及腐熟度。结果表明：在培养期间，3种比例混合物料的温度均接近于土壤对照样的温度，稍低于环境温度；pH值均略呈碱性，并随土壤浓度的增加而接近土壤对照样的pH值；ω（C）／ω（N）比、ω（水溶性有机碳WSC）／ω（有机态氮Norg）和ω（NH4^＋-N）／ω（NO3^--N）均随培养时间的增加而下降，而阳离子交换最（CEC）和CEC／ω（全C）恰好相反，并随湿解产物浓度的增加而增加，14d后，这些指标均接近土壤对照样的参数，实验结束时，均达腐熟。3种比例混合物料的种子发芽系数均大于80%，湿解产物浓度对种子发芽系数无明显抑制作用，湿解后的产物可直接安全应用于土壤中。     

Psychological stress and marginalization as indicators of human carrying capacity in deforesting areas

SUMMARY

A scheme in which psychological factors are considered in effective forest management planning is proposed. A central role is played by human carrying capacity, the resilience of people to deal with the consequences of environmental degradation. Stress and marginalization are taken as indicators of human carrying capacity. A study in Côte d'Ivoire is described in which psychological stress and marginalization were studied in individuals from environments which show different degrees of degradation. Three related hypotheses are proposed: first that individuals living in or near a degrading forest are more stressed and marginalized than individuals in a reference group living in Abidjan; second that people living near the forest with the most sustained and severe degradation would be more stressed and marginalized; finally, that members of autochthonous cultural groups show higher stress and marginalization levels than members of migrant groups. The results of our study showed that people living near the degraded forest were more stressed but not marginalized unless the degradation was severe and sustained. Females were more stressed than males and members of both sexes from autochthonous cultural groups were more prone to stress and marginalization than members of migrant groups.     

多溴联苯醚微生物降解过程与机理的研究进展

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)属溴代阻燃剂,曾因其优良的阻燃性能而广泛应用于电子电器、石油化工和建材纺织等工业产品中.然而,随着大量生产和使用,PBDEs已成为大气、水体、土壤和生物体等多环境介质中普遍检出且极具生态风险的有机污染物.因此,开展微生物降解研究对于典型环境中PBDEs污染风险消除和污染修复,具有重要的科学意义.本文从PBDEs环境归趋行为及其暴露风险出发,综述了PBDEs微生物厌氧降解和好氧降解的最新研究动态,比较分析了两种降解过程的降解特性与影响因素,并针对微生物,尤其是好氧微生物降解机理,阐述了bph A或etb A功能基因及其编码酶对PBDEs好氧降解过程的调控作用,同时就PBDEs微生物高效降解菌种选育、降解机理等方面的研究趋势进行了展望.