光化烟雾研究及监测要点

对光化烟雾及其形成机理进行了综述,介绍了欧美国家和我国对光化烟雾监测的发展历程,阐述了对光化烟雾进行研究的方法和要点,并根据目前自动监测发展水平探讨了光化学烟雾监测参数及作用,提出了加强光化烟雾研究和监测的具体建议。     

烟雾箱模拟乙炔和NOx的大气光化学反应

利用自制光化学烟雾箱进行了一系列表征实验并模拟了乙炔和氮氧化物NOx在室温(20±1)℃下的大气光化学反应.讨论了乙炔与NOx的协同作用对光化学反应产生O3的影响.实验得到了O3和NO2的壁损失分别为5.80×10-6s-1和2.41×10-6s-1,相对于模拟实验中的O3和NO2,该损失可以忽略.测得了单支40W黑光灯的有效光强为0.64×10-3s-1(以NO2的光解速率表示).经过净化空气的本底校正后,讨论了不同乙炔浓度、NOx浓度以及光照强度对体系产生O3的影响,计算了乙炔的增强反应活性值(incremental reactivity,IR),4组实验的IR最大值分别为1.76×10-2、2.68×10-2、2.04×10-2和2.84×10-2.并发现IR值与乙炔的初始浓度以及光照强度关系密切,与NOx初始浓度关系不大.     

香港大气能见度与污染物长期变化的特征和相互关系

利用香港天文台40年(1968~2007年)的能见度数据,中西区空气监测站24年(1984~2007年)的空气质量数据,采用多元回归法,分析了香港地区大气环境状况与大气污染物变化的关系.结果表明,香港地区1968~2007年间低能见度时数百分比平均每10年上升3.1%,其中,其上升趋势在1968~1989年较为平缓(平均0.7%/10a),20世纪90年代后(1990~2007年)则较为明显(平均7.3%/10a),且与地面臭氧浓度呈同步上升趋势.1993年前,低能见度时数百分比与NO2和NOx相关性显著,1993年后,与其相关性显著的污染物则是O3、SO2和NO2.这说明香港地区能见度的恶化在1993年前与光化学烟雾有关,但在1993年后则同时受光化学烟雾和与硫酸盐粒子有关的气溶胶烟雾的共同影响.     

石家庄市的烟雾灾害和防治

焚烧玉米秸杆,污染环境,影响交通和人们正常的生产、生活。本文从化学学科角度分析了焚烧秸杆所形成的悬浮颗粒物、ＣＯ和ＣＯ２,对人类身体健康的危害。并且提出了四点综合治理的建议。     

Condensed atmospheric photooxidation mechanisms for isoprene

Two condensed mechanisms for the atmospheric reactions of isoprene, which differ in the number of species used to represent isoprene's reactive products, have been developed for use in ambient air quality modehng. They are based on a detailed isoprene mechanism that has recently been developed and extensively evaluated against environmental chamber data. The new condensed mechanisms give very close predictions to those of the detailed mechanism for ozone, OH radicals, nitric acid, H₂O₂, formaldehyde, total PANS, and for incremental effects of isoprene on ozone formation in one day simulations. The effects of the condensations become somewhat greater in multi-day simulations, particularly in cases where NO₃ reactions are important at nighttime, but the ozone predictions are still very close. On the other hand, the SAPRC-90, RADM-2, and Carbon Bond IV isoprene mechanisms give quite different predictions of these quantities. It is recommended that the new mechanisms replace those currently used in airshed simulations where isoprene emissions are important.     

大型喷漆车间漆雾处理系统的研究和应用

大型喷漆车间采用集中分体式多台小功率抽、排风机，以水为吸收液，冲击式过滤吸收净化废气，并设置完善的废水处理循环系统，使车间内有机废气浓度低于《工业企业设计卫生标准》（ＴＪ３６－７９）     

对一次"光污染事件"的调查分析

对2000年3月29日媒体报导南宁市出现光化学烟雾进行调查分析,结果表明报导内容失实,并指出所谓的烟雾是一种天气现象“霾”。     

Environmental chamber study of the photochemical reaction of ethyl methyl sulfide and Nox

A series of experiments were conducted in a self-made smog chamber at 300 ± 1 K and 1.01×105 Pa to simulate the photochemical reaction of ethyl methyl sulfide (EMS) and NOx. The results show that the higher the initial concentration of EMS, the more ozone is generated in the simulative reactions. It is found that the light intensity plays a very important role in the evaluation of ozone formation potential for EMS. The parameters of d(O3-NO) and IR (incremental reactivity) were used to quantify the potential of EMS on ozone formation. The obtained maximum IR values in this paper for the five simulative reactions were 1.55×10-2, 0.99×10-2, 1.36×10-2, 2.47×10-2, and 1.65×10-2, respectively. Comparison between the results we obtained here and the results we obtained before for di-tert-butyl peroxide and acetylene was made and it showed that the potential reactivity of EMS on ozone formation is at a relatively low level.     

用于模拟SOA形成的烟雾腔的构造和表征

为研究二次有机气溶胶的形成机理,设计制造了一种用于模拟二次有机气溶胶的形成过程烟雾腔实验系统,该系统主要包括样品进样系统,模拟反应系统即烟雾腔系统和产物检测系统三个部分,具有实时在线检测、效率高等优点。利用该实验装置模拟开展大气中含量较高的芳香烃化合物光氧化产生二次有机气溶胶的过程,使用TSI3321空气动力学直径测量系统、气溶胶飞行时间质谱等多种检测手段对二次有机气溶胶的形成进行表征。空白实验和羟基启动的光氧化实验结果表明烟雾腔内的气溶胶粒子是在黑光灯辐照下·OH自由基启动反应物光氧化产生的。实验结果表明研制的烟雾腔系统可以很好地实现对二次有机气溶胶形成过程的模拟和表征。     

Experimental study of photooxidation products of ethylbenzene

Smog chamber experiments were performed to investigate the composition of products formed from photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbon ethylbenzene. Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometer and aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer were used to measure the products in the gas and particle phases in real-time. Experimental results demonstrated that ethylphenol, methylglyoxal, phenol, benzaldehyde, and 2-ethylfurane were the predominant photooxidation products in both the gas and particle phases. However, there were some di erences between detected gas phase products and those of particle phase, for example, 2-ethylfurane, ethylglyoxylic acid, nitroethylbenzene, 3,4-dioxopentanal and ethyl-nitrophenol were only existing in the particle-phase. The possible reaction mechanisms leading to these products were also discussed and proposed.