高湿度条件下分解臭氧的锰催化剂

分别以硝酸锰和乙酸锰为前体 ,用浸渍法制备了MnOx γ Al2 O3催化剂 ,考察了它们对高湿度高浓度臭氧的催化分解性能。分析了在不同的温度煅烧和用不同的前体制备的催化剂上的氧化锰的形态。实验表明 ,以乙酸锰为前体 ,在 4 0 0℃煅烧得到的催化剂的臭氧催化分解活性最高 ,保持 95 %的臭氧分解率 ,其使用寿命在 10 0h以上 ,该催化剂上锰的主要形态为Mn2 O3,在载体上分散性最好     

Destruction of VOCs by combination of corona discharge and catalysis techniques

The catalytic effect of alumina on the destruction of toluene, benzene, acetone and methanol, in DC pulsed corona discharge reactor was studied. In the presence of alumina the inlet concentration of the VOCs was varied from ～5×10^-6mol/L to ～80×10^-6mol/L, and their decomposition efficiency (conversion %) was found to be 99%—80% for toluene, 99%—97% for benzene, 95%—92% for acetone, and 72%—85% for methanol. Corresponding decomposition in the absence of alumina was 90%—38% for toluene, 89%—57% for benzene, 42%—30% for acetone, and 47%—19% for methanol. Feed gas flow rate was 400 cm³/min and power reading from DC source was 7.4 W in all of the experiments. Alumina also shifted the CO/CO₂ ratio in the by products in favor of CO₂. Ozone concentration at the reactor outlet was higher in the presence of alumina. Enhancement in VOCs decomposition by alumina was explained on the basis of higher concentration of ozone and its precursor atomic oxygen [O] . Decomposition efficiency (conversion %) for individual compounds was found to be inversely proportional to the ionization potential of the compound, under identical conditions. Double DC high voltage sources pulse generator was tested and found to improve VOCs decomposition compared with the conventional single DC high voltage source.      

Photochemical pollution in Lanzhou, China - A case study

The photochemical air pollution in Xigu district of Lanshou city, Gansu Province was studied during a period of 1981-1984. The extremely high NMHC/NOx ratio and ozone level elevation after rain have been noticed. A series of outdoor and indoor reaction chamber simulation experiments conducted in order to understand the specific conditions. The ozone formation under NMHC/NOx condition and the possible reason for high ozone concentration after rain are discussed.     

Mycogenic decomposition of wood and carbon emission in forest ecosystems

Problems related to biological decomposition of wood and volumes of mycogenic emission of carbon dioxide and carbon in forests of Western Siberia are considered. Annual C-CO₂ emission in the region reaches 31 million tons of carbon, which is equivalent to 116 million tons of carbon dioxide. With respect to the volume of emission, natural zones may be arranged in the following descending series: southern taiga (38%), middle taiga (29%), subtaiga (16%), forest-steppe (10%), northern taiga (6%), and forest-tundra (1%).     

中国工业化进程中的节能估计

改革开放以来，随着中国工业化进程的推进，能源消耗（生活消耗除外）出现了较大波动，本文运用完全分解模型计算、分析了驱使能源消耗变化的经济增长效应、能源消耗强度效应与结构效应，并利用H-P滤波、完全分解模型对中国工业化进程中的节能进行了估计。结果表明，1980-2005年累计节能量为94457万t标准煤。1980-2005年中国节能缺口处于波动之中，尤其是1998年以后，受重新重工业化的影响，与潜在节能率相比，实际节能率在逐步降低，但到2005年，实际节能率大于潜在节能率，节能优先的高能效战略得到一定落实，有效控制和改善了能源的紧张状态。同时，近年来重工业能源利用效率的不断改善，说明重工业化对能源的高消耗只是一种阶段性特征，其中蕴含着巨大的节能空间，随着中国工业化水平的不断提高，节约能源，降低能源的消耗强度，有巨大的潜力。     

亚硝酸乙酯分解危险性研究

为了了解亚硝酸乙酯的分解危险性,通过微量热仪研究并确定了亚硝酸乙酯的分解热、起始分解温度、峰值温度等基础数据;通过爆轰管研究并确定了不同温度下亚硝酸乙酯的分解临界压力,对比了氮气和一氧化碳的稀释效果。研究表明:亚硝酸乙酯分解临界压力较低易发生分解,亚硝酸乙酯的分解会降低偶联反应的选择性,甚至造成装置的非计划停车。因此,为避免亚硝酸乙酯发生分解爆炸,建议严格按照亚硝酸乙酯分解物性操作。     

Decomposition of aqueous chlorinated contaminants by UV irradiation with H2O2

In the present study, the decomposition rates of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in water by the ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation alone and H₂O₂/UV were experimentally investigated. The detailed experimental studies have been conducted for examining treatment capacities of the two different ultraviolet light sources (low and medium pressure Hg arc) in H₂O₂/UV processes. The low or medium UV lamp alone resulted in a 60%–90% decomposition of 2,4-DCP while a slight addition of H₂O₂ resulted in a drastic enhancement of the 2,4-DCP decomposition rate. The decomposition rate of 2,4-DCP with the medium pressure UV lamp alone was about 3–6 times greater than the low pressure UV lamp alone. In the direct photolysis of aqueous CCl₄, the medium pressure UV lamp had advantage over the low pressure UV lamp because the molar extinction coefficient of CCl₄ at shorter wavelength (210–220 nm) is about 20 to 50 times higher than that at 254 nm. However, adding H₂O₂ to the medium pressure UV lamp system rendered a negative oxidation rate because H₂O₂ acted as a UV absorber being competitive with CCl₄ due to negligible reaction between CCl₄ and OH radicals. The results from the present study indicated significant influence of the photochemical properties of the target contaminants on the photochemical treatment characteristics for designing cost-effective UV-based degradation of toxic contaminants.     

我国煤矿行业安全生产预警指数模型研究

采用1982-2012年的煤矿安全生产指标数据资料,应用Hodrick-Prescott滤波法对其进行趋势分解,分析了我国煤矿安全生产的长期发展趋势和周期规律,采用安全生产指标的同比指数作为预警指数,应用二次指数平滑法对预警指数进行短期预测,并设定了预警指数模型的警限和警度,最终建立了煤矿安全生产预警指数模型。模型的运行结果表明,煤矿事故死亡人数、较大以上事故起数、煤矿百万吨死亡率和煤矿综合安全水平在今后5年内趋势向好,但仍有上下波动的可能。预警指数模型的建立及其运算结果对煤矿行业安全生产对策措施的制定有一定的指导意义。     

十溴联苯醚的环境降解行为研究进展

Deca-BDEs(十溴联苯醚)可在光照、微生物作用、高温下通过降解脱溴转变为毒性更强的低溴系联苯醚. BDE209是Deca-BDEs的主要成分,研究BDE209的环境降解行为对确定环境中低溴系联苯醚的来源进而消除其对环境的污染具有重要意义. 已有研究从BDE209降解机理向分析不同光源、不同降解阶段的降解产物推进,并以探求快速、有效的处置技术为出发点,对影响BDE209降解行为的辐照光强、有机溶剂的种类、固相介质等相关因素进行实验室模拟和对比分析,研究结果表明,太阳光照下BDE209的降解速率小于紫外光源,降解程度也低于紫外光源,二者的降解产物也有所不同. 光降解是Deca-BDEs在环境中转化的最主要途径,现有研究揭示了BDE209的光降解反应遵循准一级反应,表明其主要是一个逐级脱溴的过程,最终降解产物中含有大量的低溴系同系物,但鲜见对光解反应过程中潜在的一系列降解步骤及全面的光降解机理的研究,未来对相关机理、影响因素及降解途径的阐述仍需完善. 对微生物降解的研究主要集中在细菌、淀粉酶等特定微生物种类的降解特性(包括降解速率、降解效果)方面,对Deca-BDEs降解途径、转化及降解产物的鉴定尚不完全清楚. 此外,对高温下Deca-BDEs转化为溴代二英的机理研究比较缺乏. 由于BDE209具有极高的疏水性,并且其在大气中主要以固相形式存在于颗粒物中,因此今后的研究应更注重BDE209的气相和固相的光降解行为,注重微生物降解法在Deca-BDEs污染土壤修复技术的应用以及电子废物拆解过程中Deca-BDEs的降解途径和影响因素等方面.